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‎README.md

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@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ ADoyle 的碎片化知识笔记。https://til.adoyle.me
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## 版权声明
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Copyright 2016-2024 ADoyle ([email protected]). Some Rights Reserved.
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Copyright 2016-2025 ADoyle ([email protected]). Some Rights Reserved.
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The project is licensed under the **BSD 3-clause License**.
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Read the [LICENSE](./LICENSE) file for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
@@ -245,6 +245,7 @@ Read the [NOTICE](./NOTICE) file distributed with this work for additional infor
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- [`<script async>` 与 `<script defer>`](front-end/async-defer-script-dom.md)
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- [圆角的玩法](front-end/border-radius-tricks.md)
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- [Chrome 浏览器 DNS 解析](front-end/chrome-dns-resolver.md)
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- [Chrome Stalled 请求](front-end/chrome-stalled-requests.md)
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- [Safari 浏览器的类继承 Bug](front-end/class-extend-bug-in-safari.md)
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- [代码分离](front-end/code-split.md)
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- [颜色对比度](front-end/color-contrast.md)
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## Git
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- [用 shell 脚本查询 git commit hash](git/a-shell-script-to-get-current-commit-hash.md)
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- [Connection closed by UNKNOWN port 65535](git/connection-closed-by-unknown-port-65535.md)
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- [Git Diff](git/diff.md)
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- [Git 学习资料](git/git-books.md)
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- [git ssh 代理](git/git-ssh-proxy.md)
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- [用别的用户运行命令](linux/run-command-with-different-user.md)
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- [runit](linux/runit.md)
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- [SATA 热拔插](linux/sata-hotplug.md)
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- [scp: Connection closed](linux/scp-failure.md)
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- [程序的退出码 (Exit Code)](linux/script-exit-code.md)
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- [sed](linux/sed.md)
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- [在 alpine 中找不到 setup-apkcache 等 setup-* 命令](linux/setup-scripts-in-alpine.md)
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- [adguard home](others/adguard-home.md)
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- [在梅林固件路由器里安装 AdGuard Home](others/adguardhome-in-asuswrt-merlin-device.md)
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- [Alfred Workflow debug 技巧](others/alfred-workflow-debug.md)
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- [aliyun cli](others/aliyun-cli.md)
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- [永久链接](others/archive-webpage.md)
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- [在 Alpine docker 容器里启动 aria2](others/aria2-in-alpine-docker.md)
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- [aria2](others/aria2.md)
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- [ASCII 与 ANSI](others/ascii-and-ansi.md)
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- [梅林固件 asuswrt-merlin](others/asuswrt-merlin.md)
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- [脱字符 (caret)](others/caret.md)
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- [Chrome 小技巧](others/chrome-tricks.md)
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- [cloudflare 缓存](others/cloudflare-cache.md)
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- [托管域名到 Cloudflare](others/cloudflare-hosting.md)
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- [cloudflare proxy](others/cloudflare-proxy.md)
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- [一个复杂的小 bug: cd 补全问题](others/complex-and-small-bug-with-cd.md)
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- [复制粘贴好过手写](others/copy-paste-better-than-handwriting.md)
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- [curl 快速失败](others/curl-fail-fast.md)
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- [Mac 文件系统的剪切快捷键](others/cut-in-mac-file-system.md)
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- [数据恢复工具](others/data-recovery-tool.md)
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- [YAML 中的 Date 类型陷阱](others/date-trap-in-yaml.md)
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- [MacOS 彻底删除搜狗输入法](others/delete-sogou-input-in-macos.md)
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- [dropbear](others/dropbear.md)
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- [Duplicati](others/duplicati.md)
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- [editorconfig](others/editorconfig.md)
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- [在浏览器里启动 DoH](others/enable-doh-in-browser.md)
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- [文件命名，下划线还是中划线？](others/file-naming-with-underscores-and-dashes.md)
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- [fonts.googleapis.com 不可访问](others/fonts.googleapis.com-is-inaccessible.md)
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- [原码, 反码, 补码](others/one_complement-and-two_complement.md)
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- [如何打开超大文件](others/open-huge-file-with-editor.md)
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- [Ubnt EdgeRouter X (er-x) 刷 OpenWRT](others/openwrt-with-ubnt-edgerouter-x.md)
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- [POST /cdn-cgi/rum](others/post-request-cdn-cgi-rum.md)
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- [Protocol Buffers](others/protocal-buffers.md)
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- [在美区 app store 充值](others/recharge-app-store-in-US.md)
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- [正则表达式的小技巧](others/regexp-tricks.md)
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- [时间回跳问题](others/time-backward-issue.md)
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- [Dockerfile 里使用 tini](others/tini-in-dockerfile.md)
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- [tmux 环境变量](others/tmux-environment-variable.md)
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- [umami.is 网站被反广告规则屏蔽](others/umami-is-blocked.md)
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- [usbipd 与 Windows WSL](others/usbipd-windows-wsl.md)
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- [UTF-8 vs UTF-16](others/utf-8-vs-utf-16.md)
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- [Vagrant DNS](others/vagrant-dns.md)
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## 安全攻防
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- [不要在生产环境绑定 0.0.0.0](security/do-not-bind-0.0.0.0.md)
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- [hashcat](security/hashcat.md)
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- [Kali Linux](security/kali.md)
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- [Reverse Shell](security/reverse-shell.md)
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- [Shell 操作文件描述符](shell/file-descriptor.md)
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- [刷新命令的路径缓存](shell/flush-cache-of-command-path.md)
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- [在 console 里滚屏翻页](shell/page-up-down-in-console.md)
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- [`printf '%s\n' $@` 为何可以打印多行？](shell/printf-array.md)
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- [printf 打印多行](shell/printf-array.md)
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- [Readline](shell/readline.md)
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- [学习 Shell](shell/shell-learning.md)
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- [Bash 的 subshell 与子进程](shell/subshell-and-child-process.md)

‎front-end/chrome-stalled-requests.md

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# Chrome Stalled 请求
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当打开 Chrome 开发者工具发现请求网页时一直卡在 stalled 状态。如何排查问题？
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1. 关闭其他网页，进入隐身模式，只请求当前要排查的网页。
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2. 关闭浏览器进程。在终端以监听日志方式打开浏览器：`/Applications/Google\ Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google\ Chrome --enable-logging --v=1`。访问网页，观察终端的日志输出。

‎security/hashcat.md

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# hashcat
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## hashcat --help
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`hashcat --help` 命令经常卡在 `hashcat (v6.2.6) starting in help mode`，要等很久才会打印出帮助文档。
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`Usage: hashcat [options]... hash|hashfile|hccapxfile [dictionary|mask|directory]...`
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## 样例
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暴力破解: `hashcat -a 3 -m 13000 --session=test --increment --increment-min 5 ./hashfile '?a?a?a?a?a?a?a'`
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暴力破解: `hashcat -a 3 -m 13000 --session=test --increment --increment-min 5 --increment-min 8 ./hashfile --custom-charset1=?l?u?d ?1`
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字典破解: `hashcat -a 0 -m 13000 --session=test ./hashfile ./dict/` （把多个字典都放在 ./dict 目录下。注意它不能递归查找，比如 ./dict/abc/ 目录下的字典就不会使用）
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## hashfile 的格式
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如果用 `rar2john` 会得到这样格式的结果：
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`./hashfile:$rar5$16$8e7e3940fd955dd9ffb9c0ec5da84f84$15$9a9270cded7h0ab3bd097182724968c2$8$2ad570261d32c110`
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但 hashcat 不需要前面的文件路径，你需要修改 hashfile 的内容，改成如下样子：
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`$rar5$16$8e7e3940fd955dd9ffb9c0ec5da84f84$15$9a9270cded7h0ab3bd097182724968c2$8$2ad570261d32c110`
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hashcat 才能正常识别 hashfile。
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## Attack Modes
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```
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-a 0 # Straight (Dictionary)
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-a 1 # Combination
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-a 3 # Brute-force
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-a 6 # Hybrid Wordlist + Mask
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-a 7 # Hybrid Mask + Wordlist
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-a 9 # Association
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```
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## Built-in charsets
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```
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?l = abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
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?u = ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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?d = 0123456789
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?h = 0123456789abcdef
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?H = 0123456789ABCDEF
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?s = «space»!"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^_`{|}~
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?a = ?l?u?d?s
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?b = 0x00 - 0xf f
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```
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## Apple's OpenCL drivers (GPU) are known to be unreliable
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```
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* Device #2: Apple's OpenCL drivers (GPU) are known to be unreliable.
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You have been warned.
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```
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通过 homebrew 安装的 hashcat 有问题。
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### 解决方法
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删除 homebrew 安装的 hashcat 。通过[源码编译](https://github.com/hashcat/hashcat/blob/master/BUILD.md#building-hashcat-for-linux-and-macos)。
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1. 执行 `mkdir -p ~/.cache/hashcat/kernels/`
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2. 执行 `hashcat -I`
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```
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hashcat (v6.2.6) starting in backend information mode
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Metal Info:
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===========
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Metal.Version.: 343.21
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Backend Device ID #1 (Alias: #2)
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Type...........: GPU
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Vendor.ID......: 2
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Vendor.........: Apple
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Name...........: Apple M3
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Processor(s)...: 10
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Clock..........: N/A
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Memory.Total...: 10922 MB (limited to 4096 MB allocatable in one block)
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Memory.Free....: 5408 MB
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Local.Memory...: 32 KB
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Phys.Location..: built-in
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Feature.Set....: macOS GPU Family 2 v1
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Registry.ID....: 1545
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Max.TX.Rate....: N/A
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GPU.Properties.: headless 0, low-power 0, removable 0
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OpenCL Info:
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============
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OpenCL Platform ID #1
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Vendor..: Apple
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Name....: Apple
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Version.: OpenCL 1.2 (Jun 28 2024 22:57:48)
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Backend Device ID #2 (Alias: #1)
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Type...........: GPU
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Vendor.ID......: 2
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Vendor.........: Apple
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Name...........: Apple M3
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Version........: OpenCL 1.2
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Processor(s)...: 10
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Clock..........: 1000
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Memory.Total...: 10922 MB (limited to 1024 MB allocatable in one block)
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Memory.Free....: 5408 MB
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Local.Memory...: 32 KB
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OpenCL.Version.: OpenCL C 1.2
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Driver.Version.: 1.2 1.0
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```
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‎shell/bash-pitfalls.md

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但是这只能解决这一种情况。当 `func-a || func-b` 这种格式下，func-a 内所有执行的函数都有可能报错，那要给每个执行都加上 `|| return` 吗？这显然不合理。
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`func-a || func-b` 这种格式其实会经常用到，`func-b` 是一个容错处理函数。但是 bash 的语法机制又会导致这种错误。目前似乎无解！
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## return 与 return 0 的区别
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- `return`：返回上一个命令的退出状态码。
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- `return 0`：返回成功状态码 0，无论之前的命令是否成功。

‎shell/bash-tricks.md

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- **`${var:+x}`** 只有当 `var` 被设置且不为空时，才会返回 `x`；否则返回空。
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两者主要用于不同的场景：`${var+x}` 用于检测变量是否被设置，而 `${var:+x}` 用于检测变量是否既被设置又有值。
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## 定位函数在哪个文件定义的
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在函数定义之前执行 `shopt -s extdebug`。或者启动 bash 时加参数 `--debugger`: `bash --debugger`。
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然后使用 `deflare -F function_name` 就能打印文件位置。
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详见 https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/322887
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变量没法这样用。

‎storage/postgres/permission-denied-for-schema-public.md

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# permission denied for schema public
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当 Postgres 从 14 升级到 15 后，大概率会遇到这个错误。这是因为在 PG 15 中，只要不是 pg_database_owner 中指定的用户，包超级用户在内都不能在默认的 schema public 中创建对象。
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当 Postgres 从 14 升级到 15 后，大概率会遇到这个错误。这是因为在 PG 15 中，只要不是超级用户或者 pg_database_owner 中指定的用户，都不能在默认的 schema public 中创建对象。这是 PG 为了督促用户控制权限的精细度，提高安全性。
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解决方法是给用户创建一个用户模式。
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具体请看官方文档的 [secure schema usage](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/ddl-schemas.html#DDL-SCHEMAS-PATTERNS) 以及 [Connecting to the Database Server](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/ecpg-connect.html#ECPG-CONNECTING)。
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有两种解决方法：
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## 给用户创建新的 Schema
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推荐这种方法。
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1. 登录到对应的数据库。
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2. 执行命令 `CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION user1;` 将会创建与用户名同名的 schema。
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2. 执行命令 `CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION user1;` 将会创建与用户同名的 schema，并授权该用户访问。
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程序连接数据库时，在 DATABASE_URL 中使用 `options=-c search_path=myschema` 来指定当前会话的默认 schema。
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`DATABASE_URL=postgresql://user:password@host:port/database?options=-c%20search_path%3Dmyschema`
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## 给用户授予权限
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`GRANT ALL ON SCHEMA public TO user1;`
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不推荐这种方法。仅限个别场景中使用。

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