[SPARK-46020][INFRA] Add Python 3.12 to Infra docker image

Author: dongjoon-hyun

Diff for: dev/infra/Dockerfile

@@ -127,3 +127,15 @@ RUN python3.11 -m pip install 'grpcio>=1.48,<1.57' 'grpcio-status>=1.48,<1.57' '
 RUN python3.11 -m pip install 'torch<=2.0.1' torchvision --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu
 RUN python3.11 -m pip install torcheval
 RUN python3.11 -m pip install deepspeed
+
+# Install Python 3.12 at the last stage to avoid breaking the existing Python installations
+RUN add-apt-repository ppa:deadsnakes/ppa
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
+    python3.12 python3.12-distutils \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+RUN curl -sS https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py | python3.12
+RUN python3.12 -m pip install numpy 'pyarrow>=14.0.0' 'pandas<=2.1.3' scipy unittest-xml-reporting plotly>=4.8 'mlflow>=2.8.1' coverage matplotlib openpyxl 'memory-profiler==0.60.0' 'scikit-learn>=1.3.2'
+RUN python3.12 -m pip install 'grpcio>=1.48,<1.57' 'grpcio-status>=1.48,<1.57' 'protobuf==4.25.1' 'googleapis-common-protos==1.56.4'
+RUN python3.12 -m pip install 'torch<=2.0.1' torchvision --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu
+RUN python3.12 -m pip install torcheval
+RUN python3.12 -m pip install deepspeed