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Avalanches_GDEM_N6_Lakes_V5.m
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%% Avalanche Trajectory script:
% Assesses the trajectory of avalanche prone areas using similar methods to
% Huggel et al. (2004) with a specified threshold (typically 17 degrees)
tic
%% Import DEM, Prone Areas, and Flow Accumulation
Lake_Table = xlsread('N6_Lakes_AvalancheResults_Pt1km2_V4.xls');
n_Lakes = size(Lake_Table,1);
DEM = imread('N6_ASTER_Elev_V2.tif');
DEM = double(DEM);
nrows = size(DEM,1);
ncols = size(DEM,2);
FlowDir = imread('N6_ASTER_FlowDir_V2.tif');
FlowDir = double(FlowDir);
% Values of flow direction
% 1 - Right
% 2 - Down-Right
% 4 - Down
% 8 - Down-Left
% 16 - Left
% 32 - Up-Left
% 64 - Up
% 128 - Up-Right
ProneArea = imread('N6_GlaciersProne_V3.tif');
ProneArea = double(ProneArea);
ProneArea_Raw = ProneArea;
Watershed = imread('N6_ASTER_Watershed_V3_raster.tif');
Watershed = double(Watershed);
Lake = imread('N6_2015_GlacialLakes_minPt1km2_V3_raster.tif');
Lake = double(Lake);
FileName_Prefix = 'N6_V4';
pixel_size = 30;
DEM(DEM<0) = -9.99;
FlowDir(FlowDir>128) = -9.99;
ProneArea(ProneArea~=1) = 0;
ProneArea(Watershed==0) = 0;
% Enter tif file data for writing tifs
Tif_Output_FileName = 'N6_GDEM_AvalancheTrajectories_10_30_50m_V4';
Tif_Output_FilePath = 'C:\Dave_Rounce\MATLAB\Nepal_Hazards\Tiff_Files';
Tif_Input_FilePath = Tif_Output_FilePath;
Tif_Input_FileName = 'N6_ASTER_Elev_V2.tif';
%% Set parameters
Slope_Threshold_Min = 20; % degrees
Direct_Threshold = 90; % degrees (+/- 45 degrees from primary axis of lake)
Avalanche_Depth_Matrix = [10,30,50]; % meters
Percent_Threshold = 100;
Avalanche_Volume_Threshold = 0.1*10^6; %(Richardson and Reynolds, 2000; Worni et al., 2014; Somos-Valenzuela et al., 2016)
% Run for 3 avalanche depths: 10m, 30m, 50m (Huggel et al., 2004 & 2005)
Avalanche_Trajectory_10m = zeros(nrows,ncols);
Avalanche_Trajectory_30m = zeros(nrows,ncols);
Avalanche_Trajectory_50m = zeros(nrows,ncols);
Avalanche_Trajectory_plot = zeros(nrows,ncols);
%% Compute focal statistics at varying lengths to determine the size of avalanche at each pixel.
% The size of avalanche (# pixels) will dictate the runout length (Huggel et al., 2004)
% - max length is 13 as 13x13 avalanche exceeds 17 deg threshold
% - assumes cautious/conservative ice depth of 50 m
% Compute focal statistics
ProneArea_PixPercentage = zeros(nrows,ncols) + 100;
Focal_Size = zeros(nrows,ncols);
Focal_Size_Sum = zeros(nrows,ncols);
Focal_Size_Sum_Max = zeros(nrows,ncols);
ProneArea(1:14,:) = 0;
ProneArea(:,1:14) = 0;
ProneArea(nrows-14:nrows,:) = 0;
ProneArea(:,ncols-14:ncols) = 0;
for r = 1:nrows
for c = 1:ncols
if ProneArea(r,c) > 0
% Here is the percent threshold
while ProneArea_PixPercentage(r,c) >= Percent_Threshold
Focal_Size(r,c) = Focal_Size(r,c) + 1;
% Focal size refers to the number of pixels around the
% center that is included as shown below by the max.
Focal_Size_Sum(r,c) = 0;
Focal_Size_Sum_Max(r,c) = (Focal_Size(r,c)+1)^2;
% 1 - 2x2 - 4
% 2 - 3x3 - 9
% 3 - 4x4 - 16
% 4 - 5x5 - 25, etc.
% Comupute # of avalanche prone pixels in the focal area
for ii = 0:1:Focal_Size(r,c)
for jj = 0:1:Focal_Size(r,c)
if ProneArea(r+ii,c+jj) > 0
Focal_Size_Sum(r,c) = Focal_Size_Sum(r,c) + 1;
end
end
end
% Compute prone area pixel percentage and apply threshold
ProneArea_PixPercentage(r,c) = Focal_Size_Sum(r,c)/Focal_Size_Sum_Max(r,c)*100;
% If you meet the threshold, then update the prone area
if ProneArea_PixPercentage(r,c) >= Percent_Threshold
ProneArea(r,c) = Focal_Size_Sum(r,c);
end
% end while loop if get to 13 because its the volume
% equivalent of a 17 degree trajectory
if Focal_Size(r,c) == 13
ProneArea_PixPercentage(r,c) = 0;
end
end
end
end
end
%% Compute avalanche path using average slope threshold
for n_Depth = 1:size(Avalanche_Depth_Matrix,2)
Avalanche_Depth = Avalanche_Depth_Matrix(1,n_Depth);
disp(Avalanche_Depth)
Slope_path = zeros(nrows,ncols);
Avalanche_Trajectory = zeros(nrows,ncols);
Slope_path_deg = zeros(nrows,ncols);
Avalanche_Hit_LakeNumber = zeros(nrows,ncols);
Avalanche_Hit_Aspect = zeros(nrows,ncols);
Avalanche_Hit_row = zeros(nrows,ncols);
Avalanche_Hit_col = zeros(nrows,ncols);
Avalanche_Hit_Slope = zeros(nrows,ncols);
Avalanche_Hit_Volume = zeros(nrows,ncols);
Avalanche_Trajectory_Length = zeros(nrows,ncols);
% Compute Slope Threshold as a function of avalanche size
Avalanche_Volume = Avalanche_Depth.*(ProneArea*pixel_size^2);
Slope_Threshold_rad = atan((1.111-0.118*log10(Avalanche_Volume)));
Slope_Threshold_rad(ProneArea==0) = 0;
Slope_Threshold_deg = Slope_Threshold_rad*180/pi();
% Trajectory cannot extend beyond the slope threshold,
% which in most cases is 17 degrees.
Slope_Threshold_deg(Slope_Threshold_deg<Slope_Threshold_Min) = Slope_Threshold_Min;
Slope_Threshold_deg(ProneArea==0) = 0;
for r = 1:nrows
for c = 1:ncols
% Model trajectory and apply avalanche volume threshold
if ProneArea(r,c) > 0 & Avalanche_Volume(r,c) > Avalanche_Volume_Threshold
r_start = r;
c_start = c;
Avalanche_Trajectory_Length(r_start,c_start) = 0;
% Find direction of track
if FlowDir(r,c) == 1
r_dir = 0;
c_dir = 1;
pixel_distance = pixel_size;
elseif FlowDir(r,c) == 2
r_dir = 1;
c_dir = 1;
pixel_distance = (pixel_size^2+pixel_size^2)^0.5;
elseif FlowDir(r,c) == 4
r_dir = 1;
c_dir = 0;
pixel_distance = pixel_size;
elseif FlowDir(r,c) == 8
r_dir = 1;
c_dir = -1;
pixel_distance = (pixel_size^2+pixel_size^2)^0.5;
elseif FlowDir(r,c) == 16
r_dir = 0;
c_dir = -1;
pixel_distance = pixel_size;
elseif FlowDir(r,c) == 32
r_dir = -1;
c_dir = -1;
pixel_distance = (pixel_size^2+pixel_size^2)^0.5;
elseif FlowDir(r,c) == 64
r_dir = -1;
c_dir = 0;
pixel_distance = pixel_size;
elseif FlowDir(r,c) == 128
r_dir = -1;
c_dir = 1;
pixel_distance = (pixel_size^2+pixel_size^2)^0.5;
end
% Compute slope between original pixel and pixel downstream
r_path = r + r_dir;
c_path = c + c_dir;
Avalanche_Trajectory_Length(r_start,c_start) = Avalanche_Trajectory_Length(r_start,c_start) + pixel_distance;
Slope_path(r_start,c_start) = atan((DEM(r_start,c_start) - DEM(r_path,c_path))/Avalanche_Trajectory_Length(r_start,c_start));
Slope_path_deg(r_start,c_start) = Slope_path(r_start,c_start)*180/pi();
while Slope_path_deg(r_start,c_start) > Slope_Threshold_deg(r,c) & r_path > 1 & r_path < nrows & c_path > 1 & c_path < ncols
Avalanche_Trajectory(r_path,c_path) = Avalanche_Trajectory(r_path,c_path) + 1;
if FlowDir(r_path,c_path) == 1
r_dir = 0;
c_dir = 1;
pixel_distance = pixel_size;
elseif FlowDir(r_path,c_path) == 2
r_dir = 1;
c_dir = 1;
pixel_distance = (pixel_size^2+pixel_size^2)^0.5;
elseif FlowDir(r_path,c_path) == 4
r_dir = 1;
c_dir = 0;
pixel_distance = pixel_size;
elseif FlowDir(r_path,c_path) == 8
r_dir = 1;
c_dir = -1;
pixel_distance = (pixel_size^2+pixel_size^2)^0.5;
elseif FlowDir(r_path,c_path) == 16
r_dir = 0;
c_dir = -1;
pixel_distance = pixel_size;
elseif FlowDir(r_path,c_path) == 32
r_dir = -1;
c_dir = -1;
pixel_distance = (pixel_size^2+pixel_size^2)^0.5;
elseif FlowDir(r_path,c_path) == 64
r_dir = -1;
c_dir = 0;
pixel_distance = pixel_size;
elseif FlowDir(r_path,c_path) == 128
r_dir = -1;
c_dir = 1;
pixel_distance = (pixel_size^2+pixel_size^2)^0.5;
end
% Move the trajectory downhill according to the direction:
r_path = r_path + r_dir;
c_path = c_path + c_dir;
Avalanche_Trajectory_Length(r_start,c_start) = Avalanche_Trajectory_Length(r_start,c_start) + pixel_distance;
% Compute slope between original pixel and trajectory
Slope_path(r_start,c_start) = atan((DEM(r_start,c_start) - DEM(r_path,c_path))/Avalanche_Trajectory_Length(r_start,c_start));
Slope_path_deg(r_start,c_start) = Slope_path(r_start,c_start)*180/pi();
if Lake(r_path,c_path) > 0 & Slope_path_deg(r_start,c_start) > 17 & Avalanche_Hit_LakeNumber(r_start,c_start) == 0
% Record the lake number that it hits:
Avalanche_Hit_LakeNumber(r_start,c_start) = Lake(r_path,c_path);
% Record the total volume from that pixel that hits:
Avalanche_Hit_Volume(r_start,c_start) = Avalanche_Volume(r_start,c_start);
% Note this includes surrounding pixels -
% vulnerable avalanche area should be reported and
% maximum avalanche size should also be reported
% Compute the slope & Aspect at which the avalanche first enters the lake
Avalanche_Hit_Slope(r_start,c_start) = Slope_path_deg(r_start,c_start);
Avalanche_Hit_row(r_start,c_start) = r_path;
Avalanche_Hit_col(r_start,c_start) = c_path;
Avalanche_Hit_Aspect(r_start,c_start) = mod(-1*atan((r_path-r_start)/(c_path-c_start))+90,360)*180/pi();
% Convert aspect from unit angle (0 deg being east; counterclockwise) to cardinal direction (0 deg being north; clockwise)
% Hence use mod(-theta+90,360)*180/pi() = Aspect in degrees!
end
end
end
end
end
% Record avalanche trajectories for each depth
Avalanche_Trajectory_plot(Avalanche_Trajectory>0) = Avalanche_Depth;
if Avalanche_Depth == 10
Avalanche_Trajectory_10m = Avalanche_Trajectory_plot;
Avalanche_Hit_Volume_Export_10m = Avalanche_Hit_Volume;
Avalanche_Hit_LakeNumber_Export_10m = Avalanche_Hit_LakeNumber;
Avalanche_Hit_Slope_Export_10m = Avalanche_Hit_Slope;
Avalanche_Hit_Aspect_Export_10m = Avalanche_Hit_Aspect;
elseif Avalanche_Depth == 30
Avalanche_Trajectory_30m = Avalanche_Trajectory_plot;
Avalanche_Hit_Volume_Export_30m = Avalanche_Hit_Volume;
Avalanche_Hit_LakeNumber_Export_30m = Avalanche_Hit_LakeNumber;
Avalanche_Hit_Slope_Export_30m = Avalanche_Hit_Slope;
Avalanche_Hit_Aspect_Export_30m = Avalanche_Hit_Aspect;
elseif Avalanche_Depth == 50
Avalanche_Trajectory_50m = Avalanche_Trajectory_plot;
Avalanche_Hit_Volume_Export_50m = Avalanche_Hit_Volume;
Avalanche_Hit_LakeNumber_Export_50m = Avalanche_Hit_LakeNumber;
Avalanche_Hit_Slope_Export_50m = Avalanche_Hit_Slope;
Avalanche_Hit_Aspect_Export_50m = Avalanche_Hit_Aspect;
end
%% Calculate how many avalanches hit the lake, hit it directly (within 45 degrees of primary axis of the lake), and the max volume
for i = 1:n_Lakes
for r = 1:nrows
for c = 1:ncols
if Avalanche_Hit_LakeNumber(r,c) == Lake_Table(i,2);
% Count the total avalanche pixels that hit each lake
Lake_Table(i,(10 + 3*(n_Depth-1))) = Lake_Table(i,(10 + 3*(n_Depth-1))) + 1;
% Lake_Table(i,10) = Lake_Table(i,10) + 1;
% Count direct hits based on the aspect of the lake and the initial avalanche area
if (abs(Lake_Table(i,6) - Avalanche_Hit_Aspect(r,c)) < Direct_Threshold/2) | (mod(Lake_Table(i,6) + Avalanche_Hit_Aspect(r,c), 360) < Direct_Threshold/2)
% mod statement needed to deal with aspects surrounding north
Lake_Table(i,(11 + 3*(n_Depth-1))) = Lake_Table(i,(11 + 3*(n_Depth-1))) + 1;
% Lake_Table(i,11) = Lake_Table(i,11) + 1;
end
% Compute max avalanche volume that enters each lake
if Avalanche_Hit_Volume(r,c) > Lake_Table(i,(12 + 3*(n_Depth-1)))
% if Avalanche_Hit_Volume(r,c) > Lake_Table(i,(12))
Lake_Table(i,(12 + 3*(n_Depth-1))) = Avalanche_Hit_Volume(r,c);
% Lake_Table(i,12) = Avalanche_Hit_Volume(r,c);
end
end
end
end
end
end
%% Plot the avalanche trajectories in one .tif file
Avalanche_Trajectory_Final = zeros(nrows,ncols);
for r = 1:nrows
for c = 1:ncols
if Avalanche_Trajectory_10m(r,c) == 10
Avalanche_Trajectory_Final(r,c) = 10;
elseif Avalanche_Trajectory_30m(r,c) == 30
Avalanche_Trajectory_Final(r,c) = 30;
elseif Avalanche_Trajectory_50m(r,c) == 50
Avalanche_Trajectory_Final(r,c) = 50;
else
Avalanche_Trajectory_Final(r,c) = 0;
end
end
end
% % Export tif
% global Parameters;
%
% Parameters.demAgainFileName = Tif_Output_FileName;
% %This is the output file name!
% Parameters.fileOutputPath = Tif_Output_FilePath;
%
% [DEM,Parameters.geospatialMetaData] = read_gdalfiles([Tif_Input_FilePath,'\',Tif_Input_FileName]);
% disp( Parameters.geospatialMetaData)
%
% % :driver
% Parameters.geospatialReferenceArray.driver = Parameters.geospatialMetaData.DriverShortName;
% % :name
% Parameters.geospatialReferenceArray.name = [Tif_Output_FilePath,'\',Tif_Output_FileName,'.tif'];
% % :ULx
% Parameters.geospatialReferenceArray.ULx = Parameters.geospatialMetaData.Corners.UL(1);
% % % :Xinc
% Parameters.geospatialReferenceArray.Xinc = pixel_size;
% % :ULy
% Parameters.geospatialReferenceArray.ULy = Parameters.geospatialMetaData.Corners.UL(2);
% % :Yinc
% Parameters.geospatialReferenceArray.Yinc = pixel_size;
% % :Reg
% %Parameters.geospatialReferenceArray.Reg = '';
% % :Flip
% Parameters.geospatialReferenceArray.Flip = 1;
% % :Geog
% Parameters.geospatialReferenceArray.Geog = 1;
% % :projWKT
% Parameters.geospatialReferenceArray.projWKT = Parameters.geospatialMetaData.ProjectionRef;
% % :meta
% Parameters.geospatialReferenceArray.meta = Parameters.geospatialMetaData.Metadata{1};
%
%
% % calling the write function
% write_gdalfiles(Avalanche_Trajectory_Final,Parameters.geospatialReferenceArray)
%
% % Write the avalanche hit spots to a ASCII file - good for seeing what
% % areas need to be looked at in further detail.
% Output_FileName_AvalancheHit_Volume_10m = ['C:\Dave_Rounce\MATLAB\Nepal_Hazards\CSV_Results\',FileName_Prefix,'_GDEM_AvalancheHit_Volume_10m','.csv'];
% csvwrite(Output_FileName_AvalancheHit_Volume_10m,Avalanche_Hit_Volume_Export_10m)
% Output_FileName_AvalancheHit_LakeNumber_10m = ['C:\Dave_Rounce\MATLAB\Nepal_Hazards\CSV_Results\',FileName_Prefix,'_GDEM_AvalancheHit_LakeNumber_10m','.csv'];
% csvwrite(Output_FileName_AvalancheHit_LakeNumber_10m,Avalanche_Hit_LakeNumber_Export_10m)
% Output_FileName_AvalancheHit_Slope_10m = ['C:\Dave_Rounce\MATLAB\Nepal_Hazards\CSV_Results\',FileName_Prefix,'_GDEM_AvalancheHit_Slope_10m','.csv'];
% csvwrite(Output_FileName_AvalancheHit_Slope_10m,Avalanche_Hit_Slope_Export_10m)
% Output_FileName_AvalancheHit_Aspect_10m = ['C:\Dave_Rounce\MATLAB\Nepal_Hazards\CSV_Results\',FileName_Prefix,'_GDEM_AvalancheHit_Aspect_10m','.csv'];
% csvwrite(Output_FileName_AvalancheHit_Aspect_10m,Avalanche_Hit_Aspect_Export_10m)
% Output_FileName_AvalancheTrajectory_10m = ['C:\Dave_Rounce\MATLAB\Nepal_Hazards\CSV_Results\',FileName_Prefix,'_GDEM_AvalancheTrajectory_10m','.csv'];
% csvwrite(Output_FileName_AvalancheTrajectory_10m, Avalanche_Trajectory_10m)
%
% Output_FileName_AvalancheHit_Volume_30m = ['C:\Dave_Rounce\MATLAB\Nepal_Hazards\CSV_Results\',FileName_Prefix,'_GDEM_AvalancheHit_Volume_30m','.csv'];
% csvwrite(Output_FileName_AvalancheHit_Volume_30m,Avalanche_Hit_Volume_Export_30m)
% Output_FileName_AvalancheHit_LakeNumber_30m = ['C:\Dave_Rounce\MATLAB\Nepal_Hazards\CSV_Results\',FileName_Prefix,'_GDEM_AvalancheHit_LakeNumber_30m','.csv'];
% csvwrite(Output_FileName_AvalancheHit_LakeNumber_30m,Avalanche_Hit_LakeNumber_Export_30m)
% Output_FileName_AvalancheHit_Slope_30m = ['C:\Dave_Rounce\MATLAB\Nepal_Hazards\CSV_Results\',FileName_Prefix,'_GDEM_AvalancheHit_Slope_30m','.csv'];
% csvwrite(Output_FileName_AvalancheHit_Slope_30m,Avalanche_Hit_Slope_Export_30m)
% Output_FileName_AvalancheHit_Aspect_30m = ['C:\Dave_Rounce\MATLAB\Nepal_Hazards\CSV_Results\',FileName_Prefix,'_GDEM_AvalancheHit_Aspect_30m','.csv'];
% csvwrite(Output_FileName_AvalancheHit_Aspect_30m,Avalanche_Hit_Aspect_Export_30m)
% Output_FileName_AvalancheTrajectory_30m = ['C:\Dave_Rounce\MATLAB\Nepal_Hazards\CSV_Results\',FileName_Prefix,'_GDEM_AvalancheTrajectory_30m','.csv'];
% csvwrite(Output_FileName_AvalancheTrajectory_30m, Avalanche_Trajectory_30m)
%
% Output_FileName_AvalancheHit_Volume_50m = ['C:\Dave_Rounce\MATLAB\Nepal_Hazards\CSV_Results\',FileName_Prefix,'_GDEM_AvalancheHit_Volume_50m','.csv'];
% csvwrite(Output_FileName_AvalancheHit_Volume_50m,Avalanche_Hit_Volume_Export_50m)
% Output_FileName_AvalancheHit_LakeNumber_50m = ['C:\Dave_Rounce\MATLAB\Nepal_Hazards\CSV_Results\',FileName_Prefix,'_GDEM_AvalancheHit_LakeNumber_50m','.csv'];
% csvwrite(Output_FileName_AvalancheHit_LakeNumber_50m,Avalanche_Hit_LakeNumber_Export_50m)
% Output_FileName_AvalancheHit_Slope_50m = ['C:\Dave_Rounce\MATLAB\Nepal_Hazards\CSV_Results\',FileName_Prefix,'_GDEM_AvalancheHit_Slope_50m','.csv'];
% csvwrite(Output_FileName_AvalancheHit_Slope_50m,Avalanche_Hit_Slope_Export_50m)
% Output_FileName_AvalancheHit_Aspect_50m = ['C:\Dave_Rounce\MATLAB\Nepal_Hazards\CSV_Results\',FileName_Prefix,'_GDEM_AvalancheHit_Aspect_50m','.csv'];
% csvwrite(Output_FileName_AvalancheHit_Aspect_50m,Avalanche_Hit_Aspect_Export_50m)
% Output_FileName_AvalancheTrajectory_50m = ['C:\Dave_Rounce\MATLAB\Nepal_Hazards\CSV_Results\',FileName_Prefix,'_GDEM_AvalancheTrajectory_50m','.csv'];
% csvwrite(Output_FileName_AvalancheTrajectory_50m, Avalanche_Trajectory_50m)
%
% Output_FileName_LakeTable = ['C:\Dave_Rounce\MATLAB\Nepal_Hazards\CSV_Results\',FileName_Prefix,'LakeTable','.csv'];
% csvwrite(Output_FileName_LakeTable,Lake_Table)
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