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<h2 id="编译注意事项"><a href="#编译注意事项" class="headerlink" title="编译注意事项"></a>编译注意事项</h2><p>opencv2 不支持 python3，为了在python3下使用opencv，需要使用opencv3。</p>
<h3 id="通过-homebrew-安装"><a href="#通过-homebrew-安装" class="headerlink" title="通过 homebrew 安装"></a>通过 homebrew 安装</h3><p>可以通过 brew 也可以安装opencv。</p>
<figure class="highlight brainfuck"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="comment">brew</span> <span class="comment">install</span> <span class="comment">opencv3</span> <span class="literal">-</span><span class="literal">-</span><span class="comment">with</span><span class="literal">-</span><span class="comment">python3</span> <span class="literal">-</span><span class="literal">-</span><span class="comment">c</span><span class="literal">+</span><span class="literal">+</span><span class="comment">11</span> <span class="literal">-</span><span class="literal">-</span><span class="comment">with</span><span class="literal">-</span><span class="comment">contrib</span> <span class="literal">-</span><span class="literal">-</span><span class="comment">HEAD</span> <span class="literal">-</span><span class="literal">-</span><span class="comment">with</span><span class="literal">-</span><span class="comment">ffmpeg</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>brew 的一些参数</p>
<figure class="highlight elm"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div><div class="line">13</div><div class="line">14</div><div class="line">15</div><div class="line">16</div><div class="line">17</div><div class="line">18</div><div class="line">19</div><div class="line">20</div><div class="line">21</div><div class="line">22</div><div class="line">23</div><div class="line">24</div><div class="line">25</div><div class="line">26</div><div class="line">27</div><div class="line">28</div><div class="line">29</div><div class="line">30</div><div class="line">31</div><div class="line">32</div><div class="line">33</div><div class="line">34</div><div class="line">35</div><div class="line">36</div><div class="line">37</div><div class="line">38</div><div class="line">39</div><div class="line">40</div><div class="line">41</div><div class="line">42</div><div class="line">43</div><div class="line">44</div><div class="line">45</div><div class="line">46</div><div class="line">47</div><div class="line">48</div><div class="line">49</div><div class="line">50</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="comment">--32-bit</span></div><div class="line"> <span class="type">Build</span> <span class="number">32</span>-bit only</div><div class="line"><span class="comment">--c++11</span></div><div class="line"> <span class="type">Build</span> using <span class="type">C</span>++<span class="number">11</span> mode</div><div class="line"><span class="comment">--with-contrib</span></div><div class="line"> <span class="type">Build</span> <span class="string">"extra"</span> contributed modules</div><div class="line"><span class="comment">--with-cuda</span></div><div class="line"> <span class="type">Build</span> with <span class="type">CUDA</span> v7<span class="number">.0</span>+ sup<span class="keyword">port</span></div><div class="line"><span class="comment">--with-ffmpeg</span></div><div class="line"> Build with ffmpeg support</div><div class="line"><span class="comment">--with-gphoto2</span></div><div class="line"> Build with gphoto2 support</div><div class="line"><span class="comment">--with-gstreamer</span></div><div class="line"> Build with gstreamer support</div><div class="line"><span class="comment">--with-jasper</span></div><div class="line"> Build with jasper support</div><div class="line"><span class="comment">--with-java</span></div><div class="line"> Build with Java support</div><div class="line"><span class="comment">--with-libdc1394</span></div><div class="line"> Build with libdc1394 support</div><div class="line"><span class="comment">--with-opengl</span></div><div class="line"> Build with OpenGL support (must use <span class="comment">--with-qt5)</span></div><div class="line"><span class="comment">--with-openni</span></div><div class="line"> <span class="type">Build</span> with openni support</div><div class="line"><span class="comment">--with-openni2</span></div><div class="line"> <span class="type">Build</span> with openni2 support</div><div class="line"><span class="comment">--with-python3</span></div><div class="line"> <span class="type">Build</span> with python3 support</div><div class="line"><span class="comment">--with-qt</span></div><div class="line"> <span class="type">Build</span> the <span class="type">Qt4</span> backend to <span class="type">HighGUI</span></div><div class="line"><span class="comment">--with-qt5</span></div><div class="line"> <span class="type">Build</span> the <span class="type">Qt5</span> backend to <span class="type">HighGUI</span></div><div class="line"><span class="comment">--with-quicktime</span></div><div class="line"> <span class="type">Use</span> <span class="type">QuickTime</span> for <span class="type">Video</span> <span class="type">I</span>/<span class="type">O</span> instead of <span class="type">QTKit</span></div><div class="line"><span class="comment">--with-tbb</span></div><div class="line"> <span class="type">Enable</span> parallel code in <span class="type">OpenCV</span> using <span class="type">Intel</span> <span class="type">TBB</span></div><div class="line"><span class="comment">--without-eigen</span></div><div class="line"> <span class="type">Build</span> without eigen support</div><div class="line"><span class="comment">--without-numpy</span></div><div class="line"> <span class="type">Use</span> a numpy you've installed yourself instead of a <span class="type">Homebrew</span>-packaged numpy</div><div class="line"><span class="comment">--without-opencl</span></div><div class="line"> <span class="type">Disable</span> <span class="type">GPU</span> code in <span class="type">OpenCV</span> using <span class="type">OpenCL</span></div><div class="line"><span class="comment">--without-openexr</span></div><div class="line"> <span class="type">Build</span> without openexr support</div><div class="line"><span class="comment">--without-python</span></div><div class="line"> <span class="type">Build</span> without <span class="type">Python</span> support</div><div class="line"><span class="comment">--without-tests</span></div><div class="line"> <span class="type">Build</span> without accuracy & performance tests</div><div class="line"><span class="comment">--HEAD</span></div><div class="line"> <span class="type">Install</span> <span class="type">HEAD</span> version</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="通过-cmake-安装"><a href="#通过-cmake-安装" class="headerlink" title="通过 cmake 安装"></a>通过 cmake 安装</h3><p>下面是 cmake 的选项(请自行修改python对应的路径，如3.6.0、3.6等)。</p>
<figure class="highlight haml"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div><div class="line">13</div><div class="line">14</div><div class="line">15</div><div class="line">16</div><div class="line">17</div><div class="line">18</div><div class="line">19</div><div class="line">20</div><div class="line">21</div><div class="line">22</div><div class="line">23</div><div class="line">24</div><div class="line">25</div><div class="line">26</div><div class="line">27</div><div class="line">28</div><div class="line">29</div><div class="line">30</div><div class="line">31</div><div class="line">32</div><div class="line">33</div><div class="line">34</div><div class="line">35</div><div class="line">36</div><div class="line">37</div><div class="line">38</div><div class="line">39</div><div class="line">40</div><div class="line">41</div><div class="line">42</div><div class="line">43</div><div class="line">44</div><div class="line">45</div><div class="line">46</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">cmake \</div><div class="line">.. \</div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby">DCMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE=-DNDEBUG \</span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby">DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE=-DNDEBUG \</span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby">DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=<span class="regexp">/usr/local</span><span class="regexp">/Cellar/opencv</span>3/HEAD-<span class="number">7</span>dd3723_4 \</span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby">DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \</span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby">DCMAKE_FIND_FRAMEWORK=LAST \</span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby">DCMAKE_VERBOSE_MAKEFILE=ON \</span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby">Wno-dev \</span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby">DBUILD_JASPER=OFF \</span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby">DBUILD_JPEG=ON \</span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby">DBUILD_TIFF=ON \</span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby">DBUILD_OPENEXR=ON \</span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby">DBUILD_PNG=ON \</span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby">DBUILD_ZLIB=ON \</span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby">DCMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET= \</span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby">DJPEG_INCLUDE_DIR=<span class="regexp">/usr/local</span><span class="regexp">/opt/jpeg</span><span class="regexp">/include \</span></span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby"><span class="regexp">DJPEG_LIBRARY=/usr</span><span class="regexp">/local/opt</span><span class="regexp">/jpeg/lib</span><span class="regexp">/libjpeg.dylib \</span></span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby"><span class="regexp">DBUILD_opencv_java=ON \</span></span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby"><span class="regexp">DBUILD_opencv_python2=ON \</span></span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby"><span class="regexp">DBUILD_opencv_python3=ON \</span></span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby"><span class="regexp">DBUILD_TESTS=ON \</span></span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby"><span class="regexp">DBUILD_PERF_TESTS=OFF \</span></span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby"><span class="regexp">DWITH_1394=OFF \</span></span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby"><span class="regexp">DWITH_EIGEN=ON \</span></span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby"><span class="regexp">DWITH_FFMPEG=ON \</span></span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby"><span class="regexp">DWITH_GPHOTO2=OFF \</span></span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby"><span class="regexp">DWITH_GSTREAMER=OFF \</span></span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby"><span class="regexp">DWITH_JASPER=OFF \</span></span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby"><span class="regexp">DWITH_OPENEXR=ON \</span></span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby"><span class="regexp">DWITH_OPENGL=OFF \</span></span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby"><span class="regexp">DWITH_QUICKTIME=OFF \</span></span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby"><span class="regexp">DWITH_QT=OFF \</span></span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby"><span class="regexp">DWITH_TBB=OFF \</span></span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby"><span class="regexp">DWITH_VTK=OFF \</span></span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby"><span class="regexp">DWITH_CUDA=OFF \</span></span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby"><span class="regexp">DOPENCV_EXTRA_MODULES_PATH=/</span>Volumes/Data/share/opencv_contrib/modules \</span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby">DPYTHON2_EXECUTABLE=<span class="regexp">/usr/bin</span><span class="regexp">/python \</span></span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby"><span class="regexp">DPYTHON2_LIBRARY=/</span>System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/<span class="number">2.7</span>/lib/libpython2.<span class="number">7</span>.dylib \</span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby">DPYTHON2_INCLUDE_DIR=<span class="regexp">/System/</span>Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/<span class="number">2.7</span>/<span class="keyword">include</span>/python2.<span class="number">7</span> \</span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby">DPYTHON3_LIBRARY=<span class="regexp">/usr/local</span><span class="regexp">/opt/python</span>3/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/<span class="number">3.6</span>/lib/python3.<span class="number">6</span>/config-<span class="number">3.6</span>m-darwin/libpython3.<span class="number">6</span>.dylib \</span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby">DPYTHON3_INCLUDE_DIR=<span class="regexp">/usr/local</span><span class="regexp">/Cellar/python</span>3/<span class="number">3.6</span>.<span class="number">0</span>/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/<span class="number">3.6</span>/<span class="keyword">include</span>/python3.<span class="number">6</span>m \</span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby">DENABLE_SSSE3=ON \</span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby">DENABLE_SSE41=ON \</span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby">DENABLE_SSE42=ON \</span></div><div class="line">-<span class="ruby">DENABLE_AVX=ON</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>之后执行</p>
<figure class="highlight gauss"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="built_in">make</span> && <span class="built_in">make</span> install</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>找到编译完成的cv.so 文件，并创建软链接即可。</p>
<figure class="highlight crystal"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">ln -s /usr/local/Cellar/opencv3/HEAD-<span class="number">7</span>dd3723_4/<span class="class"><span class="keyword">lib</span>/<span class="title">python3</span>.6/<span class="title">site</span>-<span class="title">packages</span>/<span class="title">cv2</span>.<span class="title">cpython</span>-36<span class="title">m</span>-<span class="title">darwin</span>.<span class="title">so</span> /<span class="title">usr</span>/<span class="title">local</span>/<span class="title">lib</span>/<span class="title">python3</span>.6/<span class="title">site</span>-<span class="title">packages</span>/<span class="title">cv2</span>.<span class="title">so</span></span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="可能会遇到的问题"><a href="#可能会遇到的问题" class="headerlink" title="可能会遇到的问题"></a>可能会遇到的问题</h3><p>需要注意的是：最新的Mac系统下编译Opencv 3.0 和 Opencv 3.1 可能会出错。该问题出现在OSX 10.12 之后的版本中，早期版本无此问题。opencv 3.2解决了该问题。</p>
<figure class="highlight mel"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div><div class="line">13</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[ <span class="number">2</span>%] Built target zlib</div><div class="line">[ <span class="number">6</span>%] Built target libtiff</div><div class="line">[ <span class="number">11</span>%] Built target libjpeg</div><div class="line">[ <span class="number">17</span>%] Built target libwebp</div><div class="line">[ <span class="number">21</span>%] Built target libjasper</div><div class="line">[ <span class="number">24</span>%] Built target libpng</div><div class="line">[ <span class="number">32</span>%] Built target IlmImf</div><div class="line">[ <span class="number">37</span>%] Built target opencv_core</div><div class="line">[ <span class="number">42</span>%] Built target opencv_imgproc</div><div class="line">[ <span class="number">43</span>%] Built target opencv_imgcodecs</div><div class="line">[ <span class="number">44</span>%] Building CXX object modules/videoio/CMakeFiles/opencv_videoio.dir/src/cap_qtkit.mm.o</div><div class="line">/Volumes/Data/share/opencv<span class="number">-3.1</span><span class="number">.0</span>/modules/videoio/src/cap_qtkit.mm:<span class="number">46</span>:<span class="number">9</span>: fatal <span class="keyword">error</span>: <span class="string">'QTKit/QTKit.h'</span> <span class="keyword">file</span> not found</div><div class="line">#import <QTKit/QTKit.h></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="参考链接"><a href="#参考链接" class="headerlink" title="参考链接"></a>参考链接</h2><ul>
<li><a href="http://www.pyimagesearch.com/2015/06/29/install-opencv-3-0-and-python-3-4-on-osx/" target="_blank" rel="external">http://www.pyimagesearch.com/2015/06/29/install-opencv-3-0-and-python-3-4-on-osx/</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.learnopencv.com/install-opencv-3-on-yosemite-osx-10-10-x/" target="_blank" rel="external">https://www.learnopencv.com/install-opencv-3-on-yosemite-osx-10-10-x/</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/opencv/opencv/releases/tag/3.2.0" target="_blank" rel="external">https://github.com/opencv/opencv/releases/tag/3.2.0</a></li>
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Comparison to None will result in an elementwise object
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<p><code>numpy</code>数组和<code>None</code>进行比较时，可能导致意外的结果：</p>
<figure class="highlight clean"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> numpy <span class="keyword">as</span> np</div><div class="line">np.array([<span class="number">0</span>,<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>]) == None</div><div class="line">> <span class="literal">False</span></div><div class="line">> FutureWarning: comparison to `None` will result <span class="keyword">in</span> an elementwise object comparison <span class="keyword">in</span> the future.</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>在此，我们应该选用<code>is</code>操作符。</p>
<p>You are looking for is:</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> a <span class="keyword">is</span> <span class="keyword">None</span>:</div><div class="line"> a = something</div><div class="line"><span class="keyword">else</span>:</div><div class="line"> <span class="comment"># TODO</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>下面是关于<code>is</code>的解释：</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The problem is that, by using the <code>==</code> operator, if the input element a is a numpy array, numpy will try to perform an element wise comparison and tell you that you cannot compare it.</p>
<p>For a a numpy array, <code>a == None</code> gives error, <code>np.all(a == None)</code> doesn’t (but does not do what you expect). Instead <code>a is None</code> will work regardless the data type of <code>a</code>.</p>
<p>From a java point of view, the python’s == would trigger java’s .equals, which in numpy is overrided to perform a element-wise check. Python’s is would be equivalent to check for reference in java (similar to using == with strings). However, for strings in python (i.e. a = ‘hello’; b = ‘hello’), the a is b would still return true, as both of them are the same constant (‘hello’)</p>
</blockquote>
<p>除了 <code>==</code> 外，numpy还重载了<code>__contains__</code>即<code>in</code>运算符。下面是解释：</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The future warning happens when you do something like this:</p>
<p><code>numpy.asarray([1,2,3,4]) == None</code></p>
<p>Which currently returns <code>False</code>, but I understand will return an array containing <code>[False,False,False,True]</code> in a future version of Numpy.</p>
<p>As I mentioned in the comments, your example is incorrect. Future versions of numpy would return <code>[False ,False, False, False]</code>, i.e. False for each element in the array that is not equal to None. This is more consistent with how element-wise comparisons to other scalar values currently work, e.g.:</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight ada"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="keyword">In</span> [<span class="number">1</span>]: np.<span class="keyword">array</span>([<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">4</span>]) == <span class="number">1</span></div><div class="line"><span class="keyword">Out</span>[<span class="number">1</span>]: <span class="keyword">array</span>([ <span class="literal">True</span>, <span class="literal">False</span>, <span class="literal">False</span>, <span class="literal">False</span>], dtype=bool)</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"><span class="keyword">In</span> [<span class="number">2</span>]: np.<span class="keyword">array</span>([<span class="string">'a'</span>, <span class="string">'b'</span>, <span class="string">'c'</span>, <span class="string">'d'</span>]) == <span class="string">'b'</span></div><div class="line"><span class="keyword">Out</span>[<span class="number">2</span>]: <span class="keyword">array</span>([<span class="literal">False</span>, <span class="literal">True</span>, <span class="literal">False</span>, <span class="literal">False</span>], dtype=bool)</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>What confuses me is this behaviour of the in keyword with a 1D array compared to a list<br>When you test <code>x</code> in <code>y</code>, you are calling <code>y.__contains__(x)</code>. When y is a list, <code>__contains__</code>basically does something along the lines of this:</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight applescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="built_in">item</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> y:</div><div class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (<span class="built_in">item</span> <span class="keyword">is</span> x) <span class="keyword">or</span> (<span class="built_in">item</span> == x):</div><div class="line"><span class="built_in"> return</span> True</div><div class="line"><span class="built_in">return</span> False</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>As far as I can tell, <code>np.ndarray.__contains__(x)</code> performs the equivalent of this:</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight gradle"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="keyword">any</span>(y == x):</div><div class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">True</span></div><div class="line"><span class="keyword">else</span>:</div><div class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">False</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>That is to say it tests element-wise equality over the whole array first (<code>y == x</code> would be a boolean array the size of <code>y</code>). Since in your case you are testing whether <code>y == None</code>, this will raise the FutureWarning for the reasons given above.</p>
<p>In the comments you also wanted to know why<br><code>np.nan in np.array([1, 2, 3, np.nan])</code><br>returns <code>False</code>, but<br><code>np.nan in [1, 2, 3, np.nan]</code><br>returns <code>True</code>. The first part is easily explained by the fact that <code>np.nan != np.nan</code> (see here for the rationale behind this). To understand why the second case returns True, remember that <code>list.__contains__()</code> first checks for identity (<code>is</code>) before checking equality (<code>==</code>). Since np.nan is <code>np.nan</code>, the second case will return <code>True</code>.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>参考链接：</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/33954216/comparison-to-none-will-result-in-an-elementwise-object" target="_blank" rel="external">http://stackoverflow.com/questions/33954216/comparison-to-none-will-result-in-an-elementwise-object</a></li>
<li><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/28337085/why-does-none-in-numpy-asarray-cause-a-future-warning" target="_blank" rel="external">http://stackoverflow.com/questions/28337085/why-does-none-in-numpy-asarray-cause-a-future-warning</a></li>
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<blockquote>
<p>SWIG是个帮助使用C或者C++编写的软件能与其它各种高级编程语言进行嵌入联接的开发工具。SWIG能应用于各种不同类型的语言包括常用脚本编译语言例如Perl, PHP, Python, Tcl, Ruby and PHP。支持语言列表中也包括非脚本编译语言，例如C#, Common Lisp (CLISP, Allegro CL, CFFI, UFFI), Java, Modula-3, OCAML以及R，甚至是编译器或者汇编的计划应用（Guile, MzScheme, Chicken）。SWIG普遍应用于创建高级语言解析或汇编程序环境，用户接口，作为一种用来测试C/C++或进行原型设计的工具。SWIG还能够导出XML或Lisp s-expressions格式的解析树。SWIG可以被自由使用，发布，修改用于商业或非商业中。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>主要利用了C++转Python的方法和技巧。</p>
<p>首先，需要简单的了解C++和Python混合编程的知识。</p>
<p>对于已有的C++程序，我们希望其中的部分函数可以在Python中调用。当然我们可以通过学习C++和Python的混合编程知识，自己修改函数接口，但是上述过程比较复杂。swig就是为了自动话完成上述任务的。比如，对于一个C++函数，我们希望能够在添加Python的wrap，我们可以首先构建一个swig脚本，在脚本中注明我们希望调用的函数或者数据结构，然后swig就可以自动化的完成函数接口的wrap工作。</p>
<p>经过测试，在对C++程序添加Python的wrap时，swig可以很好的完成工作，但也存在一些问题。</p>
<h2 id="Tutorial"><a href="#Tutorial" class="headerlink" title="Tutorial"></a>Tutorial</h2><p>在使用swig 的过程中，首先，准备swig文件。一般以<code>.i</code>结束。下面是一个简单的swig文件<code>test.i</code>。</p>
<figure class="highlight mojolicious"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="xml"></span><span class="perl">%module test</span><span class="xml"></span></div><div class="line"><span class="perl"></span></div><div class="line">%header %{<span class="xml"></span></div><div class="line">#include "test1.h"</div><div class="line">#include "test2.h"</div><div class="line"><span class="perl">%}</span><span class="xml"></span></div><div class="line"><span class="perl"></span></div><div class="line">%ignore operator Point::operator <<;<span class="xml"></span></div><div class="line"><span class="perl">%rename (__add_<span class="number">_</span>) Point::operator +;</span><span class="xml"></span></div><div class="line"><span class="perl">%rename (__sub_<span class="number">_</span>) operator -;</span><span class="xml"></span></div><div class="line"><span class="perl">%include <span class="string">"test1.h"</span></span><span class="xml"></span></div><div class="line"><span class="perl">%include <span class="string">"test2.h"</span></span><span class="xml"></span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><strong>注意：rename和ignore应该放置在%include 的前面，否则，rename和ignore并不会生效。</strong></p>
<p>假设 <code>test1.h</code> 文件的内容如下所示：</p>
<figure class="highlight c++"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> Point {</div><div class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span>:</div><div class="line"> Point <span class="keyword">operator</span> + (<span class="keyword">const</span> Point & other);</div><div class="line"> ostream <span class="keyword">operator</span> << (ostream &os);</div><div class="line"> Point(<span class="keyword">int</span> x, <span class="keyword">int</span> y);</div><div class="line"><span class="keyword">private</span>:</div><div class="line"> <span class="keyword">int</span> x;</div><div class="line"> <span class="keyword">int</span> y;</div><div class="line">}</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">Point <span class="keyword">operator</span> -(<span class="keyword">const</span> Point &p1, <span class="keyword">const</span> Point&p2);</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>其次，执行swig命令，生成swig的wrapper，</p>
<figure class="highlight stata"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">swig -c++ -python <span class="keyword">test</span>.<span class="built_in">i</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>执行该步骤后，在当前目录下生成两个文件：<code>test.py</code>，<code>test_wrap.cxx</code>。然后编译相关的函数：</p>
<figure class="highlight stylus"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">g++ -shared -fpic `pkg-config --cflags opencv` test_wrap<span class="selector-class">.cxx</span> test1<span class="selector-class">.cpp</span> test2<span class="selector-class">.cpp</span> -o _test<span class="selector-class">.so</span> `pkg-config --libs python`</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>注意：生成的so文件，命名为”<em>test.so”，即module的名称加上前缀的`</em>`。该步骤执行完成后，理论上当前目录下应该生成 _test.so 文件。</p>
<p>在当前目录下，运行测试文件test_swig.py：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> test <span class="keyword">import</span> *</div><div class="line">p1 = Point(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>)</div><div class="line">p2 = Point(<span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">4</span>)</div><div class="line">p3 = p1 + p2</div><div class="line">p4 = p2 - p1</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="swig-的依赖关系"><a href="#swig-的依赖关系" class="headerlink" title="swig 的依赖关系"></a>swig 的依赖关系</h2><p>swig 的过程如果需要额外的头文件依赖，需要在命令行中加以说明：</p>
<figure class="highlight autohotkey"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">swig -c++ -python `pkg-config --cflags opencv` test.i</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>以及，在编译的时候也有可能需要指明额外的依赖，包括头文件和额外的库文件：</p>
<figure class="highlight stylus"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">g++ -shared -fpic `pkg-config --cflags python opencv` test_wrap<span class="selector-class">.cxx</span> test1<span class="selector-class">.cpp</span> test2<span class="selector-class">.cpp</span> -o _test<span class="selector-class">.so</span> `pkg-config --libs opencv python`</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="忽略部分函数"><a href="#忽略部分函数" class="headerlink" title="忽略部分函数"></a>忽略部分函数</h2><p>在某些情况下，可能C++的部分函数和Python不完全兼容，为此，我们需要跳过某些函数。比如，流的重定向作用符；</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">%ignore FlyPoints::<<;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>需要说明的是，注意swig中的命名空间。</p>
<p>参考链接：<br><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/22518497/ignore-redefinition-of-operator-in-swig-interface" target="_blank" rel="external">http://stackoverflow.com/questions/22518497/ignore-redefinition-of-operator-in-swig-interface</a></p>
<h2 id="重命名部分函数"><a href="#重命名部分函数" class="headerlink" title="重命名部分函数"></a>重命名部分函数</h2><p>在某些情况下，我们希望重命名部分函数，或者变量名。比如：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">%rename (__add__) Points::operator +;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="enum-的使用"><a href="#enum-的使用" class="headerlink" title="enum 的使用"></a>enum 的使用</h2><p>C类型的enum直接被处理成了Python中的全局变量；C++ 11类型的 enum class 类型在引用时被mangle了。</p>
<figure class="highlight c++"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="keyword">enum</span> Weekday {</div><div class="line"> Mon, Tus, Wed, Thr, Fri, Sat, Sun</div><div class="line">};</div><div class="line"><span class="comment">// Python => Mon, Tue</span></div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"><span class="keyword">enum</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> Weekday {</div><div class="line"> Mon, Tus, Wed, Thr, Fri, Sat, Sun</div><div class="line">};</div><div class="line"><span class="comment">// Python => Weekday_Mon, Weekday_Tue</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>参考链接：<br><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13269393/how-to-enumerate-enum-members-using-swig" target="_blank" rel="external">http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13269393/how-to-enumerate-enum-members-using-swig</a></p>
<h2 id="swig-可能遇到的问题"><a href="#swig-可能遇到的问题" class="headerlink" title="swig 可能遇到的问题"></a>swig 可能遇到的问题</h2><h3 id="so文件的命名问题"><a href="#so文件的命名问题" class="headerlink" title="so文件的命名问题"></a>so文件的命名问题</h3><p>so 文件的明明需要和module一致，<code>_$(module).so</code>。否则在python中，执行import可能会报错：</p>
<figure class="highlight lua"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="comment">----> 1 import FlyLib</span></div><div class="line">ImportError: dynamic <span class="built_in">module</span> does <span class="keyword">not</span> define init <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="params">(initFlyLib)</span></span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="文件的顺序问题"><a href="#文件的顺序问题" class="headerlink" title="文件的顺序问题"></a>文件的顺序问题</h3><p>比如，在<code>test1.h</code>文件中定义enum类型：</p>
<figure class="highlight c++"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="keyword">enum</span> Weekday {</div><div class="line"> Mon, Tue, Wed, Thr, Fri, Sat, Sun</div><div class="line">};</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>在 <code>test2.h</code> 中定义函数:</p>
<figure class="highlight c++"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string">"test1.h"</span></span></div><div class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="title">isWeekends</span><span class="params">(Weekday day = Mon)</span></span>;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>则在<code>test.i</code>文件中，<code>test1.h</code>最好放在<code>test2.h</code>文件前，否则，在python程序import时，会出现错误：</p>
<figure class="highlight elixir"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">----> <span class="number">1</span> import test</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">/Users/houqi/test.py <span class="keyword">in</span> <<span class="keyword">module</span>>()</div><div class="line"> <span class="number">100</span></div><div class="line"> <span class="number">101</span></div><div class="line">--> <span class="number">102</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">isWeekends</span></span>(day=Mon):</div><div class="line"> <span class="number">103</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> _test.isWeekends(day)</div><div class="line"> <span class="number">104</span> isWeekends = _test.isWeekends</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"><span class="symbol">NameError:</span> name <span class="string">'Mon'</span> is <span class="keyword">not</span> <span class="keyword">defined</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="python-的版本问题"><a href="#python-的版本问题" class="headerlink" title="python 的版本问题"></a>python 的版本问题</h3><p>Python有Python2和Python3两个版本，在编译的时候需要分别指定。</p>
<figure class="highlight ada"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">pkg-config <span class="comment">--libs python2</span></div><div class="line">pkg-config <span class="comment">--libs python3</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>以及，可能存在多个同一版本的python程序，比如，在Mac系统下，系统自带的Python和brew安装的Python以及Anaconda自带的Python。如果编译过程中指定的Python库和运行的Python程序不一致，在import时可能会出错。</p>
<p>在cmake下，可以通过命令行参数指定：</p>
<figure class="highlight crystal"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">cmake \</div><div class="line">-DTEST_PYTHON_VERSION=<span class="number">2</span> \</div><div class="line">-<span class="symbol">DPYTHON_EXECUTABLE:</span>FILEPATH=<span class="regexp">/usr/local</span><span class="regexp">/Cellar/python</span><span class="regexp">/2.7.12_2/</span>Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/<span class="number">2.7</span>/bin/python \</div><div class="line">-DPYTHON_LIBRARIES=<span class="regexp">/usr/local</span><span class="regexp">/Cellar/python</span><span class="regexp">/2.7.12_2/</span>Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/<span class="number">2.7</span>/<span class="class"><span class="keyword">lib</span>/<span class="title">libpython2</span>.7.<span class="title">dylib</span> \</span></div><div class="line">..</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="类的静态数组变量"><a href="#类的静态数组变量" class="headerlink" title="类的静态数组变量"></a>类的静态数组变量</h3><p>swig 好像不支持类的静态数组变量。</p>
<h2 id="swig-的详细说明文件"><a href="#swig-的详细说明文件" class="headerlink" title="swig 的详细说明文件"></a>swig 的详细说明文件</h2><p>Swig 的参考资料：</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.swig.org/translations/chinese/tutorial.html" target="_blank" rel="external">http://www.swig.org/translations/chinese/tutorial.html</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.swig.org/Doc1.3/SWIGPlus.html" target="_blank" rel="external">http://www.swig.org/Doc1.3/SWIGPlus.html</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.swig.org/Doc3.0/CPlusPlus11.html" target="_blank" rel="external">http://www.swig.org/Doc3.0/CPlusPlus11.html</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="swig-opencv"><a href="#swig-opencv" class="headerlink" title="swig + opencv"></a>swig + opencv</h2><p>参考链接：<br><a href="https://github.com/renatoGarcia/opencv-swig" target="_blank" rel="external">https://github.com/renatoGarcia/opencv-swig</a></p>
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Python 的字符编码
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<p>Python默认使用的是UTF-8编码格式。存储方式有两种：str 和 unicode 编码。其中，str的存储单位为 byte，为unicode格式存储的是字符。比如说，str类型下，</p>
<figure class="highlight awk"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">x = <span class="string">u'你好，python域编码'</span></div><div class="line">x --> <span class="string">u'\u4f60\u597d\uff0cpython\u57df\u7f16\u7801'</span></div><div class="line">x[<span class="number">0</span>] --> <span class="string">u'\u4f60'</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>但是如果执行<code>print x[0]</code>， 得到的结果将会是”你”。<br>可以将unicode编码转换为 utf-8 格式。</p>
<figure class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">y = x.encode('utf-8')</div><div class="line">y --> '\xe4\xbd\xa0\xe5\xa5\xbd\xef\xbc\x8cpython\xe5\x9f\x9f\xe7\xbc\x96\xe7\xa0\x81'</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>如果执行<code>print y</code>,只会输出无意义字符。<br>上述操作的逆操作：<code>y.decode('utf-8')</code><br>需要注意：在python中，默认的编码是<code>utf-8</code>格式，在处理的时候需要注意，最好采用统一的格式。</p>
<p>Python中检测编码的库：<code>chardet</code>，用法如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> chardet</div><div class="line">chardet.detect(open(<span class="string">'xxx'</span>, <span class="string">'r'</span>).read())</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>得到类似 <code>{'confidence': 0.99, 'encoding': 'GB2312'}</code> 的结果。</p>
<p>参考链接：</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.jb51.net/article/62155.htm" target="_blank" rel="external">http://www.jb51.net/article/62155.htm</a></li>
</ul>
<p>Python中读写不同编码的库 codecs</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">f = codecs.open(file_name, <span class="string">'r'</span>, <span class="string">'utf-8-sig'</span>)</div><div class="line">f = codecs.open(file_name, <span class="string">'w'</span>, <span class="string">'gb2312'</span>)</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>其他操作和普通的文件读写很类似。<br>注意<code>UTF-8 with BOM</code>，<code>codecs.UTF8_BOM</code></p>
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Hello World
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<time title="Post created" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-10-13T11:50:45+08:00">
2016-10-13
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<p>Welcome to <a href="https://hexo.io/" target="_blank" rel="external">Hexo</a>! This is your very first post. Check <a href="https://hexo.io/docs/" target="_blank" rel="external">documentation</a> for more info. If you get any problems when using Hexo, you can find the answer in <a href="https://hexo.io/docs/troubleshooting.html" target="_blank" rel="external">troubleshooting</a> or you can ask me on <a href="https://github.com/hexojs/hexo/issues" target="_blank" rel="external">GitHub</a>.</p>
<h2 id="Quick-Start"><a href="#Quick-Start" class="headerlink" title="Quick Start"></a>Quick Start</h2><h3 id="Create-a-new-post"><a href="#Create-a-new-post" class="headerlink" title="Create a new post"></a>Create a new post</h3><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">$ hexo new <span class="string">"My New Post"</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>More info: <a href="https://hexo.io/docs/writing.html" target="_blank" rel="external">Writing</a></p>
<h3 id="Run-server"><a href="#Run-server" class="headerlink" title="Run server"></a>Run server</h3><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">$ hexo server</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>