src: more automatic memory management in node_crypto.cc

Prefer custom smart pointers fitted to the OpenSSL data structures
over more manual memory management and lots of `goto`s.

Backport-PR-URL: #20609
PR-URL: #20238
Reviewed-By: Daniel Bevenius <[email protected]>
Reviewed-By: Tobias Nießen <[email protected]>
Reviewed-By: Joyee Cheung <[email protected]>
Reviewed-By: Tiancheng "Timothy" Gu <[email protected]>
Reviewed-By: Ben Noordhuis <[email protected]>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <[email protected]>

Author: addaleax