Support insert_all and upsert_all using MERGE (#1315)

aidanharan · web-flow · commit 27289566946f · 2025-03-20T14:41:04.000Z
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+## Unreleased
+
+#### Added
+
+- [#1315](https://github.com/rails-sqlserver/activerecord-sqlserver-adapter/pull/1315) Add support for `insert_all` and `upsert_all`
+
 ## v8.0.4
 
 #### Fixed
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -168,6 +168,22 @@ ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLServerAdapter.showplan_option = 'SHOWPLAN_X
 ```
 **NOTE:** The method we utilize to make SHOWPLANs work is very brittle to complex SQL. There is no getting around this as we have to deconstruct an already prepared statement for the sp_executesql method. If you find that explain breaks your app, simple disable it. Do not open a github issue unless you have a patch.  Please [consult the Rails guides](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_querying.html#running-explain) for more info.
 
+#### `insert_all` / `upsert_all` support
+
+`insert_all` and `upsert_all` on other database system like MySQL, SQlite or PostgreSQL use a clause with their `INSERT` statement to either skip duplicates (`ON DUPLICATE KEY IGNORE`) or to update the existing record (`ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE`). Microsoft SQL Server does not offer these clauses, so the support for these two options is implemented slightly different.
+
+Behind the scenes, we execute a `MERGE` query, which joins your data that you want to insert or update into the table existing on the server. The emphasis here is "JOINING", so we also need to remove any duplicates that might make the `JOIN` operation fail, e.g. something like this:
+
+```ruby
+Book.insert_all [
+  { id: 200, author_id: 8, name: "Refactoring" },
+  { id: 200, author_id: 8, name: "Refactoring" }
+]
+```
+
+The removal of duplicates happens during the SQL query.
+
+Because of this implementation, if you pass `on_duplicate` to `upsert_all`, make sure to assign your value to `target.[column_name]` (e.g. `target.status = GREATEST(target.status, 1)`). To access the values that you want to upsert, use `source.[column_name]`.
 
 ## New Rails Applications
 
diff --git a/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlserver/database_statements.rb b/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlserver/database_statements.rb
@@ -143,18 +143,54 @@ def default_insert_value(column)
         private :default_insert_value
 
         def build_insert_sql(insert) # :nodoc:
-          sql = +"INSERT #{insert.into}"
-
-          if returning = insert.send(:insert_all).returning
-            returning_sql = if returning.is_a?(String)
-                              returning
-                            else
-                              Array(returning).map { |column| "INSERTED.#{quote_column_name(column)}" }.join(", ")
-                            end
-            sql << " OUTPUT #{returning_sql}"
+          # Use regular insert if not skipping/updating duplicates.
+          return build_sql_for_regular_insert(insert:) unless insert.skip_duplicates? || insert.update_duplicates?
+
+          insert_all = insert.send(:insert_all)
+          columns_with_uniqueness_constraints = get_columns_with_uniqueness_constraints(insert_all:, insert:)
+
+          # If we do not have any columns that might have conflicting values just execute a regular insert, else use merge.
+          if columns_with_uniqueness_constraints.flatten.empty?
+            build_sql_for_regular_insert(insert:)
+          else
+            build_sql_for_merge_insert(insert:, insert_all:, columns_with_uniqueness_constraints:)
           end
+        end
+
+
+        def build_sql_for_merge_insert(insert:, insert_all:, columns_with_uniqueness_constraints:) # :nodoc:
+          sql = <<~SQL
+            MERGE INTO #{insert.model.quoted_table_name} WITH (UPDLOCK, HOLDLOCK) AS target
+            USING (
+              SELECT *
+              FROM (
+                SELECT #{insert.send(:columns_list)}, #{partition_by_columns_with_uniqueness_constraints(columns_with_uniqueness_constraints:)}
+                FROM (#{insert.values_list})
+                AS t1 (#{insert.send(:columns_list)})
+              ) AS ranked_source
+              WHERE #{is_first_record_across_all_uniqueness_constraints(columns_with_uniqueness_constraints:)}
+            ) AS source
+            ON (#{joining_on_columns_with_uniqueness_constraints(columns_with_uniqueness_constraints:)})
+          SQL
+
+          if insert.update_duplicates?
+            sql << " WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET "
+
+            if insert.raw_update_sql?
+              sql << insert.raw_update_sql
+            else
+              if insert.record_timestamps?
+                sql << build_sql_for_recording_timestamps_when_updating(insert:)
+              end
+
+              sql << insert.updatable_columns.map { |column| "target.#{quote_column_name(column)}=source.#{quote_column_name(column)}" }.join(",")
+            end
+          end
+          sql << " WHEN NOT MATCHED BY TARGET THEN"
+          sql << " INSERT (#{insert.send(:columns_list)}) VALUES (#{insert_all.keys_including_timestamps.map { |column| "source.#{quote_column_name(column)}" }.join(", ")})"
+          sql << build_sql_for_returning(insert:, insert_all: insert.send(:insert_all))
+          sql << ";"
 
-          sql << " #{insert.values_list}"
           sql
         end
 
@@ -406,11 +442,18 @@ def query_requires_identity_insert?(sql)
           raw_table_name = get_raw_table_name(sql)
           id_column = identity_columns(raw_table_name).first
 
-          id_column && sql =~ /^\s*(INSERT|EXEC sp_executesql N'INSERT)[^(]+\([^)]*\b(#{id_column.name})\b,?[^)]*\)/i ? SQLServer::Utils.extract_identifiers(raw_table_name).quoted : false
+          if id_column && (
+            sql =~ /^\s*(INSERT|EXEC sp_executesql N'INSERT)[^(]+\([^)]*\b(#{id_column.name})\b,?[^)]*\)/i ||
+              sql =~ /^\s*MERGE INTO.+THEN INSERT \([^)]*\b(#{id_column.name})\b,?[^)]*\)/im
+          )
+            SQLServer::Utils.extract_identifiers(raw_table_name).quoted
+          else
+            false
+          end
         end
 
         def insert_sql?(sql)
-          !(sql =~ /\A\s*(INSERT|EXEC sp_executesql N'INSERT)/i).nil?
+          !(sql =~ /\A\s*(INSERT|EXEC sp_executesql N'INSERT|MERGE INTO.+THEN INSERT)/im).nil?
         end
 
         def identity_columns(table_name)
@@ -455,6 +498,96 @@ def internal_raw_execute(sql, raw_connection, perform_do: false)
 
           perform_do ? result.do : result
         end
+
+        # === SQLServer Specific (insert_all / upsert_all support) ===================== #
+        def build_sql_for_returning(insert:, insert_all:)
+          return "" unless insert_all.returning
+
+          returning_values_sql = if insert_all.returning.is_a?(String)
+                                   insert_all.returning
+                                 else
+                                   Array(insert_all.returning).map do |attribute|
+                                     if insert.model.attribute_alias?(attribute)
+                                       "INSERTED.#{quote_column_name(insert.model.attribute_alias(attribute))} AS #{quote_column_name(attribute)}"
+                                     else
+                                       "INSERTED.#{quote_column_name(attribute)}"
+                                     end
+                                   end.join(",")
+                                 end
+
+          " OUTPUT #{returning_values_sql}"
+        end
+        private :build_sql_for_returning
+
+        def get_columns_with_uniqueness_constraints(insert_all:, insert:)
+          if (unique_by = insert_all.unique_by)
+            [unique_by.columns]
+          else
+            # Compare against every unique constraint (primary key included).
+            # Discard constraints that are not fully included on insert.keys. Prevents invalid queries.
+            # Example: ignore unique index for columns ["name"] if insert keys is ["description"]
+            (insert_all.send(:unique_indexes).map(&:columns) + [insert_all.primary_keys]).select do |columns|
+              columns.to_set.subset?(insert.keys)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        private :get_columns_with_uniqueness_constraints
+
+        def build_sql_for_regular_insert(insert:)
+          sql = "INSERT #{insert.into}"
+          sql << build_sql_for_returning(insert:, insert_all: insert.send(:insert_all))
+          sql << " #{insert.values_list}"
+          sql
+        end
+        private :build_sql_for_regular_insert
+
+        # why is the "PARTITION BY" clause needed?
+        # in every DBMS system, insert_all / upsert_all is usually implemented with INSERT, that allows to define what happens
+        # when duplicates are found (SKIP OR UPDATE)
+        # by default rows are considered to be unique by every unique index on the table
+        # but since we have to use MERGE in MSSQL, which in return is a JOIN, we have to perform the "de-duplication" ourselves
+        # otherwise the "JOIN" clause would complain about non-unique values and being unable to JOIN the two tables
+        # this works easiest by using PARTITION and make sure that any record
+        # we are trying to insert is "the first one seen across all the potential columns with uniqueness constraints"
+        def partition_by_columns_with_uniqueness_constraints(columns_with_uniqueness_constraints:)
+          columns_with_uniqueness_constraints.map.with_index do |group_of_columns_with_uniqueness_constraints, index|
+            <<~PARTITION_BY
+              ROW_NUMBER() OVER (
+                PARTITION BY #{group_of_columns_with_uniqueness_constraints.map { |column| quote_column_name(column) }.join(",")}
+                ORDER BY #{group_of_columns_with_uniqueness_constraints.map { |column| "#{quote_column_name(column)} DESC" }.join(",")}
+              ) AS rn_#{index}
+            PARTITION_BY
+          end.join(", ")
+        end
+        private :partition_by_columns_with_uniqueness_constraints
+
+        def is_first_record_across_all_uniqueness_constraints(columns_with_uniqueness_constraints:)
+          columns_with_uniqueness_constraints.map.with_index do |group_of_columns_with_uniqueness_constraints, index|
+            "rn_#{index} = 1"
+          end.join(" AND ")
+        end
+        private :is_first_record_across_all_uniqueness_constraints
+
+        def joining_on_columns_with_uniqueness_constraints(columns_with_uniqueness_constraints:)
+          columns_with_uniqueness_constraints.map do |columns|
+            columns.map do |column|
+              "target.#{quote_column_name(column)} = source.#{quote_column_name(column)}"
+            end.join(" AND ")
+          end.join(") OR (")
+        end
+        private :joining_on_columns_with_uniqueness_constraints
+
+        # normally, generating the CASE SQL is done entirely by Rails
+        # and you would just hook into "touch_model_timestamps_unless" to add your database-specific instructions
+        # however, since we need to have "target." for the assignment, we also generate the CASE switch ourselves
+        def build_sql_for_recording_timestamps_when_updating(insert:)
+          insert.model.timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model.filter_map do |column_name|
+            if insert.send(:touch_timestamp_attribute?, column_name)
+              "target.#{quote_column_name(column_name)}=CASE WHEN (#{insert.updatable_columns.map { |column| "(COALESCE(target.#{quote_column_name(column)}, 'NULL') = COALESCE(source.#{quote_column_name(column)}, 'NULL'))" }.join(" AND ")}) THEN target.#{quote_column_name(column_name)} ELSE #{high_precision_current_timestamp} END,"
+            end
+          end.join
+        end
+        private :build_sql_for_recording_timestamps_when_updating
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlserver/schema_statements.rb b/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlserver/schema_statements.rb
@@ -720,6 +720,8 @@ def get_raw_table_name(sql)
               .match(/\s*([^(]*)/i)[0]
           elsif s.match?(/^\s*UPDATE\s+.*/i)
             s.match(/UPDATE\s+([^\(\s]+)\s*/i)[1]
+          elsif s.match?(/^\s*MERGE INTO.*/i)
+            s.match(/^\s*MERGE\s+INTO\s+(\[?[a-z_ -]+\]?\.?\[?[a-z_ -]+\]?)\s+(AS|WITH|USING)/i)[1]
           else
             s.match(/FROM[\s|\(]+((\[[^\(\]]+\])|[^\(\s]+)\s*/i)[1]
           end.strip
diff --git a/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlserver_adapter.rb b/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlserver_adapter.rb
@@ -212,11 +212,11 @@ def supports_insert_returning?
       end
 
       def supports_insert_on_duplicate_skip?
-        false
+        true
       end
 
       def supports_insert_on_duplicate_update?
-        false
+        true
       end
 
       def supports_insert_conflict_target?
diff --git a/test/cases/adapter_test_sqlserver.rb b/test/cases/adapter_test_sqlserver.rb
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ class AdapterTestSQLServer < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :tasks
 
   let(:basic_insert_sql) { "INSERT INTO [funny_jokes] ([name]) VALUES('Knock knock')" }
+  let(:basic_merge_sql) { "MERGE INTO [ships] WITH (UPDLOCK, HOLDLOCK) AS target USING ( SELECT * FROM ( SELECT [id], [name], ROW_NUMBER() OVER ( PARTITION BY [id] ORDER BY [id] DESC ) AS rn_0 FROM ( VALUES (101, N'RSS Sir David Attenborough') ) AS t1 ([id], [name]) ) AS ranked_source WHERE rn_0 = 1 ) AS source ON (target.[id] = source.[id]) WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET target.[name] = source.[name]" }
   let(:basic_update_sql) { "UPDATE [customers] SET [address_street] = NULL WHERE [id] = 2" }
   let(:basic_select_sql) { "SELECT * FROM [customers] WHERE ([customers].[id] = 1)" }
 
@@ -93,6 +94,7 @@ class AdapterTestSQLServer < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   it "return unquoted table name object from basic INSERT UPDATE and SELECT statements" do
     assert_equal "funny_jokes", connection.send(:get_table_name, basic_insert_sql)
+    assert_equal "ships", connection.send(:get_table_name, basic_merge_sql)
     assert_equal "customers", connection.send(:get_table_name, basic_update_sql)
     assert_equal "customers", connection.send(:get_table_name, basic_select_sql)
   end
@@ -213,6 +215,10 @@ class AdapterTestSQLServer < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       @identity_insert_sql_unquoted_sp = "EXEC sp_executesql N'INSERT INTO funny_jokes (id, name) VALUES (@0, @1)', N'@0 int, @1 nvarchar(255)', @0 = 420, @1 = N'Knock knock'"
       @identity_insert_sql_unordered_sp = "EXEC sp_executesql N'INSERT INTO [funny_jokes] ([name],[id]) VALUES (@0, @1)', N'@0 nvarchar(255), @1  int', @0 = N'Knock knock', @1 = 420"
 
+      @identity_merge_sql = "MERGE INTO [ships] WITH (UPDLOCK, HOLDLOCK) AS target USING ( SELECT * FROM ( SELECT [id], [name], ROW_NUMBER() OVER ( PARTITION BY [id] ORDER BY [id] DESC ) AS rn_0 FROM ( VALUES (101, N'RSS Sir David Attenborough') ) AS t1 ([id], [name]) ) AS ranked_source WHERE rn_0 = 1 ) AS source ON (target.[id] = source.[id]) WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET target.[name] = source.[name] WHEN NOT MATCHED BY TARGET THEN INSERT ([id], [name]) VALUES (source.[id], source.[name]) OUTPUT INSERTED.[id]"
+      @identity_merge_sql_unquoted = "MERGE INTO ships WITH (UPDLOCK, HOLDLOCK) AS target USING ( SELECT * FROM ( SELECT id, name, ROW_NUMBER() OVER ( PARTITION BY id ORDER BY id DESC ) AS rn_0 FROM ( VALUES (101, N'RSS Sir David Attenborough') ) AS t1 (id, name) ) AS ranked_source WHERE rn_0 = 1 ) AS source ON (target.id = source.id) WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET target.name = source.name WHEN NOT MATCHED BY TARGET THEN INSERT (id, name) VALUES (source.id, source.name) OUTPUT INSERTED.id"
+      @identity_merge_sql_unordered = "MERGE INTO [ships] WITH (UPDLOCK, HOLDLOCK) AS target USING ( SELECT * FROM ( SELECT [name], [id], ROW_NUMBER() OVER ( PARTITION BY [id] ORDER BY [id] DESC ) AS rn_0 FROM ( VALUES (101, N'RSS Sir David Attenborough') ) AS t1 ([name], [id]) ) AS ranked_source WHERE rn_0 = 1 ) AS source ON (target.[id] = source.[id]) WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET target.[name] = source.[name] WHEN NOT MATCHED BY TARGET THEN INSERT ([name], [id]) VALUES (source.[name], source.[id]) OUTPUT INSERTED.[id]"
+
       @identity_insert_sql_non_dbo = "INSERT INTO [test].[aliens] ([id],[name]) VALUES(420,'Mork')"
       @identity_insert_sql_non_dbo_unquoted = "INSERT INTO test.aliens ([id],[name]) VALUES(420,'Mork')"
       @identity_insert_sql_non_dbo_unordered = "INSERT INTO [test].[aliens] ([name],[id]) VALUES('Mork',420)"
@@ -229,6 +235,10 @@ class AdapterTestSQLServer < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_equal "[funny_jokes]",   connection.send(:query_requires_identity_insert?, @identity_insert_sql_unquoted_sp)
       assert_equal "[funny_jokes]",   connection.send(:query_requires_identity_insert?, @identity_insert_sql_unordered_sp)
 
+      assert_equal "[ships]", connection.send(:query_requires_identity_insert?, @identity_merge_sql)
+      assert_equal "[ships]", connection.send(:query_requires_identity_insert?, @identity_merge_sql_unquoted)
+      assert_equal "[ships]", connection.send(:query_requires_identity_insert?, @identity_merge_sql_unordered)
+
       assert_equal "[test].[aliens]", connection.send(:query_requires_identity_insert?, @identity_insert_sql_non_dbo)
       assert_equal "[test].[aliens]", connection.send(:query_requires_identity_insert?, @identity_insert_sql_non_dbo_unquoted)
       assert_equal "[test].[aliens]", connection.send(:query_requires_identity_insert?, @identity_insert_sql_non_dbo_unordered)
@@ -238,7 +248,7 @@ class AdapterTestSQLServer < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
 
     it "return false to #query_requires_identity_insert? for normal SQL" do
-      [basic_insert_sql, basic_update_sql, basic_select_sql].each do |sql|
+      [basic_insert_sql, basic_merge_sql, basic_update_sql, basic_select_sql].each do |sql|
         assert !connection.send(:query_requires_identity_insert?, sql), "SQL was #{sql}"
       end
     end
diff --git a/test/cases/coerced_tests.rb b/test/cases/coerced_tests.rb
diff --git a/test/cases/schema_test_sqlserver.rb b/test/cases/schema_test_sqlserver.rb
