[FEA] Refactor and strip cudf::column_device_view and cudf::mutable_column_device_view to device-only code

[lamarrr]

Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.
We can't use the column_device_view.cuh header in JITIFY as it includes host code. This includes code from upstream dependencies like thrust and RMM. Some of the C++ standard headers are also not supported in device code.

Describe the solution you'd like
We want to strip both column_device_view and mutable_column_device_view down to a minimal version that can be included in the JITIFY kernels and then have them build upon the minimal version.
PR #17968 already introduces a jit::mutable_column_device_view that can serve as the foundation for this work.

Describe alternatives you've considered

• Directly using the headers, this won't work due to JITIFY's inability to include non-device code