sync.rs

#![stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]

//! Thread-safe reference-counting pointers.
//!
//! See the [`Arc<T>`][arc] documentation for more details.
//!
//! [arc]: struct.Arc.html

use core::any::Any;
use core::array::LengthAtMost32;
use core::borrow;
use core::cmp::Ordering;
use core::convert::{From, TryFrom};
use core::fmt;
use core::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
use core::intrinsics::abort;
use core::iter;
use core::marker::{PhantomData, Unpin, Unsize};
use core::mem::{self, align_of, align_of_val, size_of_val};
use core::ops::{CoerceUnsized, Deref, DispatchFromDyn, Receiver};
use core::pin::Pin;
use core::ptr::{self, NonNull};
use core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut;
use core::sync::atomic;
use core::sync::atomic::Ordering::{Acquire, Relaxed, Release, SeqCst};

use crate::alloc::{box_free, handle_alloc_error, AllocInit, AllocRef, Global, Layout};
use crate::borrow::{Cow, ToOwned};
use crate::boxed::Box;
use crate::rc::is_dangling;
use crate::string::String;
use crate::vec::Vec;

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests;

/// A soft limit on the amount of references that may be made to an `Arc`.
///
/// Going above this limit will abort your program (although not
/// necessarily) at _exactly_ `MAX_REFCOUNT + 1` references.
const MAX_REFCOUNT: usize = (isize::MAX) as usize;

#[cfg(not(sanitize = "thread"))]
macro_rules! acquire {
    ($x:expr) => {
        atomic::fence(Acquire)
    };
}

// ThreadSanitizer does not support memory fences. To avoid false positive
// reports in Arc / Weak implementation use atomic loads for synchronization
// instead.
#[cfg(sanitize = "thread")]
macro_rules! acquire {
    ($x:expr) => {
        $x.load(Acquire)
    };
}

/// A thread-safe reference-counting pointer. 'Arc' stands for 'Atomically
/// Reference Counted'.
///
/// The type `Arc<T>` provides shared ownership of a value of type `T`,
/// allocated in the heap. Invoking [`clone`][clone] on `Arc` produces
/// a new `Arc` instance, which points to the same allocation on the heap as the
/// source `Arc`, while increasing a reference count. When the last `Arc`
/// pointer to a given allocation is destroyed, the value stored in that allocation (often
/// referred to as "inner value") is also dropped.
///
/// Shared references in Rust disallow mutation by default, and `Arc` is no
/// exception: you cannot generally obtain a mutable reference to something
/// inside an `Arc`. If you need to mutate through an `Arc`, use
/// [`Mutex`][mutex], [`RwLock`][rwlock], or one of the [`Atomic`][atomic]
/// types.
///
/// ## Thread Safety
///
/// Unlike [`Rc<T>`], `Arc<T>` uses atomic operations for its reference
/// counting. This means that it is thread-safe. The disadvantage is that
/// atomic operations are more expensive than ordinary memory accesses. If you
/// are not sharing reference-counted allocations between threads, consider using
/// [`Rc<T>`] for lower overhead. [`Rc<T>`] is a safe default, because the
/// compiler will catch any attempt to send an [`Rc<T>`] between threads.
/// However, a library might choose `Arc<T>` in order to give library consumers
/// more flexibility.
///
/// `Arc<T>` will implement [`Send`] and [`Sync`] as long as the `T` implements
/// [`Send`] and [`Sync`]. Why can't you put a non-thread-safe type `T` in an
/// `Arc<T>` to make it thread-safe? This may be a bit counter-intuitive at
/// first: after all, isn't the point of `Arc<T>` thread safety? The key is
/// this: `Arc<T>` makes it thread safe to have multiple ownership of the same
/// data, but it  doesn't add thread safety to its data. Consider
/// `Arc<`[`RefCell<T>`]`>`. [`RefCell<T>`] isn't [`Sync`], and if `Arc<T>` was always
/// [`Send`], `Arc<`[`RefCell<T>`]`>` would be as well. But then we'd have a problem:
/// [`RefCell<T>`] is not thread safe; it keeps track of the borrowing count using
/// non-atomic operations.
///
/// In the end, this means that you may need to pair `Arc<T>` with some sort of
/// [`std::sync`] type, usually [`Mutex<T>`][mutex].
///
/// ## Breaking cycles with `Weak`
///
/// The [`downgrade`][downgrade] method can be used to create a non-owning
/// [`Weak`][weak] pointer. A [`Weak`][weak] pointer can be [`upgrade`][upgrade]d
/// to an `Arc`, but this will return [`None`] if the value stored in the allocation has
/// already been dropped. In other words, `Weak` pointers do not keep the value
/// inside the allocation alive; however, they *do* keep the allocation
/// (the backing store for the value) alive.
///
/// A cycle between `Arc` pointers will never be deallocated. For this reason,
/// [`Weak`][weak] is used to break cycles. For example, a tree could have
/// strong `Arc` pointers from parent nodes to children, and [`Weak`][weak]
/// pointers from children back to their parents.
///
/// # Cloning references
///
/// Creating a new reference from an existing reference counted pointer is done using the
/// `Clone` trait implemented for [`Arc<T>`][arc] and [`Weak<T>`][weak].
///
/// ```
/// use std::sync::Arc;
/// let foo = Arc::new(vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0]);
/// // The two syntaxes below are equivalent.
/// let a = foo.clone();
/// let b = Arc::clone(&foo);
/// // a, b, and foo are all Arcs that point to the same memory location
/// ```
///
/// ## `Deref` behavior
///
/// `Arc<T>` automatically dereferences to `T` (via the [`Deref`][deref] trait),
/// so you can call `T`'s methods on a value of type `Arc<T>`. To avoid name
/// clashes with `T`'s methods, the methods of `Arc<T>` itself are associated
/// functions, called using function-like syntax:
///
/// ```
/// use std::sync::Arc;
/// let my_arc = Arc::new(());
///
/// Arc::downgrade(&my_arc);
/// ```
///
/// [`Weak<T>`][weak] does not auto-dereference to `T`, because the inner value may have
/// already been dropped.
///
/// [arc]: struct.Arc.html
/// [weak]: struct.Weak.html
/// [`Rc<T>`]: ../../std/rc/struct.Rc.html
/// [clone]: ../../std/clone/trait.Clone.html#tymethod.clone
/// [mutex]: ../../std/sync/struct.Mutex.html
/// [rwlock]: ../../std/sync/struct.RwLock.html
/// [atomic]: ../../std/sync/atomic/index.html
/// [`Send`]: ../../std/marker/trait.Send.html
/// [`Sync`]: ../../std/marker/trait.Sync.html
/// [deref]: ../../std/ops/trait.Deref.html
/// [downgrade]: struct.Arc.html#method.downgrade
/// [upgrade]: struct.Weak.html#method.upgrade
/// [`None`]: ../../std/option/enum.Option.html#variant.None
/// [`RefCell<T>`]: ../../std/cell/struct.RefCell.html
/// [`std::sync`]: ../../std/sync/index.html
/// [`Arc::clone(&from)`]: #method.clone
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Sharing some immutable data between threads:
///
// Note that we **do not** run these tests here. The windows builders get super
// unhappy if a thread outlives the main thread and then exits at the same time
// (something deadlocks) so we just avoid this entirely by not running these
// tests.
/// ```no_run
/// use std::sync::Arc;
/// use std::thread;
///
/// let five = Arc::new(5);
///
/// for _ in 0..10 {
///     let five = Arc::clone(&five);
///
///     thread::spawn(move || {
///         println!("{:?}", five);
///     });
/// }
/// ```
///
/// Sharing a mutable [`AtomicUsize`]:
///
/// [`AtomicUsize`]: ../../std/sync/atomic/struct.AtomicUsize.html
///
/// ```no_run
/// use std::sync::Arc;
/// use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
/// use std::thread;
///
/// let val = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(5));
///
/// for _ in 0..10 {
///     let val = Arc::clone(&val);
///
///     thread::spawn(move || {
///         let v = val.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
///         println!("{:?}", v);
///     });
/// }
/// ```
///
/// See the [`rc` documentation][rc_examples] for more examples of reference
/// counting in general.
///
/// [rc_examples]: ../../std/rc/index.html#examples
#[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "Arc")]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub struct Arc<T: ?Sized> {
    ptr: NonNull<ArcInner<T>>,
    phantom: PhantomData<ArcInner<T>>,
}

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
unsafe impl<T: ?Sized + Sync + Send> Send for Arc<T> {}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
unsafe impl<T: ?Sized + Sync + Send> Sync for Arc<T> {}

#[unstable(feature = "coerce_unsized", issue = "27732")]
impl<T: ?Sized + Unsize<U>, U: ?Sized> CoerceUnsized<Arc<U>> for Arc<T> {}

#[unstable(feature = "dispatch_from_dyn", issue = "none")]
impl<T: ?Sized + Unsize<U>, U: ?Sized> DispatchFromDyn<Arc<U>> for Arc<T> {}

impl<T: ?Sized> Arc<T> {
    fn from_inner(ptr: NonNull<ArcInner<T>>) -> Self {
        Self { ptr, phantom: PhantomData }
    }

    unsafe fn from_ptr(ptr: *mut ArcInner<T>) -> Self {
        unsafe { Self::from_inner(NonNull::new_unchecked(ptr)) }
    }
}

/// `Weak` is a version of [`Arc`] that holds a non-owning reference to the
/// managed allocation. The allocation is accessed by calling [`upgrade`] on the `Weak`
/// pointer, which returns an [`Option`]`<`[`Arc`]`<T>>`.
///
/// Since a `Weak` reference does not count towards ownership, it will not
/// prevent the value stored in the allocation from being dropped, and `Weak` itself makes no
/// guarantees about the value still being present. Thus it may return [`None`]
/// when [`upgrade`]d. Note however that a `Weak` reference *does* prevent the allocation
/// itself (the backing store) from being deallocated.
///
/// A `Weak` pointer is useful for keeping a temporary reference to the allocation
/// managed by [`Arc`] without preventing its inner value from being dropped. It is also used to
/// prevent circular references between [`Arc`] pointers, since mutual owning references
/// would never allow either [`Arc`] to be dropped. For example, a tree could
/// have strong [`Arc`] pointers from parent nodes to children, and `Weak`
/// pointers from children back to their parents.
///
/// The typical way to obtain a `Weak` pointer is to call [`Arc::downgrade`].
///
/// [`Arc`]: struct.Arc.html
/// [`Arc::downgrade`]: struct.Arc.html#method.downgrade
/// [`upgrade`]: struct.Weak.html#method.upgrade
/// [`Option`]: ../../std/option/enum.Option.html
/// [`None`]: ../../std/option/enum.Option.html#variant.None
#[stable(feature = "arc_weak", since = "1.4.0")]
pub struct Weak<T: ?Sized> {
    // This is a `NonNull` to allow optimizing the size of this type in enums,
    // but it is not necessarily a valid pointer.
    // `Weak::new` sets this to `usize::MAX` so that it doesn’t need
    // to allocate space on the heap.  That's not a value a real pointer
    // will ever have because RcBox has alignment at least 2.
    ptr: NonNull<ArcInner<T>>,
}

#[stable(feature = "arc_weak", since = "1.4.0")]
unsafe impl<T: ?Sized + Sync + Send> Send for Weak<T> {}
#[stable(feature = "arc_weak", since = "1.4.0")]
unsafe impl<T: ?Sized + Sync + Send> Sync for Weak<T> {}

#[unstable(feature = "coerce_unsized", issue = "27732")]
impl<T: ?Sized + Unsize<U>, U: ?Sized> CoerceUnsized<Weak<U>> for Weak<T> {}
#[unstable(feature = "dispatch_from_dyn", issue = "none")]
impl<T: ?Sized + Unsize<U>, U: ?Sized> DispatchFromDyn<Weak<U>> for Weak<T> {}

#[stable(feature = "arc_weak", since = "1.4.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug for Weak<T> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "(Weak)")
    }
}

// This is repr(C) to future-proof against possible field-reordering, which
// would interfere with otherwise safe [into|from]_raw() of transmutable
// inner types.
#[repr(C)]
struct ArcInner<T: ?Sized> {
    strong: atomic::AtomicUsize,

    // the value usize::MAX acts as a sentinel for temporarily "locking" the
    // ability to upgrade weak pointers or downgrade strong ones; this is used
    // to avoid races in `make_mut` and `get_mut`.
    weak: atomic::AtomicUsize,

    data: T,
}

unsafe impl<T: ?Sized + Sync + Send> Send for ArcInner<T> {}
unsafe impl<T: ?Sized + Sync + Send> Sync for ArcInner<T> {}

impl<T> Arc<T> {
    /// Constructs a new `Arc<T>`.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let five = Arc::new(5);
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    pub fn new(data: T) -> Arc<T> {
        // Start the weak pointer count as 1 which is the weak pointer that's
        // held by all the strong pointers (kinda), see std/rc.rs for more info
        let x: Box<_> = box ArcInner {
            strong: atomic::AtomicUsize::new(1),
            weak: atomic::AtomicUsize::new(1),
            data,
        };
        Self::from_inner(Box::leak(x).into())
    }

    /// Constructs a new `Arc` with uninitialized contents.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// #![feature(new_uninit)]
    /// #![feature(get_mut_unchecked)]
    ///
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let mut five = Arc::<u32>::new_uninit();
    ///
    /// let five = unsafe {
    ///     // Deferred initialization:
    ///     Arc::get_mut_unchecked(&mut five).as_mut_ptr().write(5);
    ///
    ///     five.assume_init()
    /// };
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(*five, 5)
    /// ```
    #[unstable(feature = "new_uninit", issue = "63291")]
    pub fn new_uninit() -> Arc<mem::MaybeUninit<T>> {
        unsafe {
            Arc::from_ptr(Arc::allocate_for_layout(Layout::new::<T>(), |mem| {
                mem as *mut ArcInner<mem::MaybeUninit<T>>
            }))
        }
    }

    /// Constructs a new `Arc` with uninitialized contents, with the memory
    /// being filled with `0` bytes.
    ///
    /// See [`MaybeUninit::zeroed`][zeroed] for examples of correct and incorrect usage
    /// of this method.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// #![feature(new_uninit)]
    ///
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let zero = Arc::<u32>::new_zeroed();
    /// let zero = unsafe { zero.assume_init() };
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(*zero, 0)
    /// ```
    ///
    /// [zeroed]: ../../std/mem/union.MaybeUninit.html#method.zeroed
    #[unstable(feature = "new_uninit", issue = "63291")]
    pub fn new_zeroed() -> Arc<mem::MaybeUninit<T>> {
        unsafe {
            let mut uninit = Self::new_uninit();
            ptr::write_bytes::<T>(Arc::get_mut_unchecked(&mut uninit).as_mut_ptr(), 0, 1);
            uninit
        }
    }

    /// Constructs a new `Pin<Arc<T>>`. If `T` does not implement `Unpin`, then
    /// `data` will be pinned in memory and unable to be moved.
    #[stable(feature = "pin", since = "1.33.0")]
    pub fn pin(data: T) -> Pin<Arc<T>> {
        unsafe { Pin::new_unchecked(Arc::new(data)) }
    }

    /// Returns the inner value, if the `Arc` has exactly one strong reference.
    ///
    /// Otherwise, an [`Err`][result] is returned with the same `Arc` that was
    /// passed in.
    ///
    /// This will succeed even if there are outstanding weak references.
    ///
    /// [result]: ../../std/result/enum.Result.html
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let x = Arc::new(3);
    /// assert_eq!(Arc::try_unwrap(x), Ok(3));
    ///
    /// let x = Arc::new(4);
    /// let _y = Arc::clone(&x);
    /// assert_eq!(*Arc::try_unwrap(x).unwrap_err(), 4);
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    #[stable(feature = "arc_unique", since = "1.4.0")]
    pub fn try_unwrap(this: Self) -> Result<T, Self> {
        // See `drop` for why all these atomics are like this
        if this.inner().strong.compare_exchange(1, 0, Release, Relaxed).is_err() {
            return Err(this);
        }

        acquire!(this.inner().strong);

        unsafe {
            let elem = ptr::read(&this.ptr.as_ref().data);

            // Make a weak pointer to clean up the implicit strong-weak reference
            let _weak = Weak { ptr: this.ptr };
            mem::forget(this);

            Ok(elem)
        }
    }
}

impl<T> Arc<[T]> {
    /// Constructs a new reference-counted slice with uninitialized contents.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// #![feature(new_uninit)]
    /// #![feature(get_mut_unchecked)]
    ///
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let mut values = Arc::<[u32]>::new_uninit_slice(3);
    ///
    /// let values = unsafe {
    ///     // Deferred initialization:
    ///     Arc::get_mut_unchecked(&mut values)[0].as_mut_ptr().write(1);
    ///     Arc::get_mut_unchecked(&mut values)[1].as_mut_ptr().write(2);
    ///     Arc::get_mut_unchecked(&mut values)[2].as_mut_ptr().write(3);
    ///
    ///     values.assume_init()
    /// };
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(*values, [1, 2, 3])
    /// ```
    #[unstable(feature = "new_uninit", issue = "63291")]
    pub fn new_uninit_slice(len: usize) -> Arc<[mem::MaybeUninit<T>]> {
        unsafe { Arc::from_ptr(Arc::allocate_for_slice(len)) }
    }
}

impl<T> Arc<mem::MaybeUninit<T>> {
    /// Converts to `Arc<T>`.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// As with [`MaybeUninit::assume_init`],
    /// it is up to the caller to guarantee that the inner value
    /// really is in an initialized state.
    /// Calling this when the content is not yet fully initialized
    /// causes immediate undefined behavior.
    ///
    /// [`MaybeUninit::assume_init`]: ../../std/mem/union.MaybeUninit.html#method.assume_init
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// #![feature(new_uninit)]
    /// #![feature(get_mut_unchecked)]
    ///
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let mut five = Arc::<u32>::new_uninit();
    ///
    /// let five = unsafe {
    ///     // Deferred initialization:
    ///     Arc::get_mut_unchecked(&mut five).as_mut_ptr().write(5);
    ///
    ///     five.assume_init()
    /// };
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(*five, 5)
    /// ```
    #[unstable(feature = "new_uninit", issue = "63291")]
    #[inline]
    pub unsafe fn assume_init(self) -> Arc<T> {
        Arc::from_inner(mem::ManuallyDrop::new(self).ptr.cast())
    }
}

impl<T> Arc<[mem::MaybeUninit<T>]> {
    /// Converts to `Arc<[T]>`.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// As with [`MaybeUninit::assume_init`],
    /// it is up to the caller to guarantee that the inner value
    /// really is in an initialized state.
    /// Calling this when the content is not yet fully initialized
    /// causes immediate undefined behavior.
    ///
    /// [`MaybeUninit::assume_init`]: ../../std/mem/union.MaybeUninit.html#method.assume_init
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// #![feature(new_uninit)]
    /// #![feature(get_mut_unchecked)]
    ///
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let mut values = Arc::<[u32]>::new_uninit_slice(3);
    ///
    /// let values = unsafe {
    ///     // Deferred initialization:
    ///     Arc::get_mut_unchecked(&mut values)[0].as_mut_ptr().write(1);
    ///     Arc::get_mut_unchecked(&mut values)[1].as_mut_ptr().write(2);
    ///     Arc::get_mut_unchecked(&mut values)[2].as_mut_ptr().write(3);
    ///
    ///     values.assume_init()
    /// };
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(*values, [1, 2, 3])
    /// ```
    #[unstable(feature = "new_uninit", issue = "63291")]
    #[inline]
    pub unsafe fn assume_init(self) -> Arc<[T]> {
        unsafe { Arc::from_ptr(mem::ManuallyDrop::new(self).ptr.as_ptr() as _) }
    }
}

impl<T: ?Sized> Arc<T> {
    /// Consumes the `Arc`, returning the wrapped pointer.
    ///
    /// To avoid a memory leak the pointer must be converted back to an `Arc` using
    /// [`Arc::from_raw`][from_raw].
    ///
    /// [from_raw]: struct.Arc.html#method.from_raw
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let x = Arc::new("hello".to_owned());
    /// let x_ptr = Arc::into_raw(x);
    /// assert_eq!(unsafe { &*x_ptr }, "hello");
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rc_raw", since = "1.17.0")]
    pub fn into_raw(this: Self) -> *const T {
        let ptr = Self::as_ptr(&this);
        mem::forget(this);
        ptr
    }

    /// Provides a raw pointer to the data.
    ///
    /// The counts are not affected in way and the `Arc` is not consumed. The pointer is valid for
    /// as long as there are strong counts in the `Arc`.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let x = Arc::new("hello".to_owned());
    /// let y = Arc::clone(&x);
    /// let x_ptr = Arc::as_ptr(&x);
    /// assert_eq!(x_ptr, Arc::as_ptr(&y));
    /// assert_eq!(unsafe { &*x_ptr }, "hello");
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "weak_into_raw", since = "1.45.0")]
    pub fn as_ptr(this: &Self) -> *const T {
        let ptr: *mut ArcInner<T> = NonNull::as_ptr(this.ptr);
        let fake_ptr = ptr as *mut T;

        // SAFETY: This cannot go through Deref::deref.
        // Instead, we manually offset the pointer rather than manifesting a reference.
        // This is so that the returned pointer retains the same provenance as our pointer.
        // This is required so that e.g. `get_mut` can write through the pointer
        // after the Arc is recovered through `from_raw`.
        unsafe {
            let offset = data_offset(&(*ptr).data);
            set_data_ptr(fake_ptr, (ptr as *mut u8).offset(offset))
        }
    }

    /// Constructs an `Arc<T>` from a raw pointer.
    ///
    /// The raw pointer must have been previously returned by a call to
    /// [`Arc<U>::into_raw`][into_raw] where `U` must have the same size and
    /// alignment as `T`. This is trivially true if `U` is `T`.
    /// Note that if `U` is not `T` but has the same size and alignment, this is
    /// basically like transmuting references of different types. See
    /// [`mem::transmute`][transmute] for more information on what
    /// restrictions apply in this case.
    ///
    /// The user of `from_raw` has to make sure a specific value of `T` is only
    /// dropped once.
    ///
    /// This function is unsafe because improper use may lead to memory unsafety,
    /// even if the returned `Arc<T>` is never accessed.
    ///
    /// [into_raw]: struct.Arc.html#method.into_raw
    /// [transmute]: ../../std/mem/fn.transmute.html
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let x = Arc::new("hello".to_owned());
    /// let x_ptr = Arc::into_raw(x);
    ///
    /// unsafe {
    ///     // Convert back to an `Arc` to prevent leak.
    ///     let x = Arc::from_raw(x_ptr);
    ///     assert_eq!(&*x, "hello");
    ///
    ///     // Further calls to `Arc::from_raw(x_ptr)` would be memory-unsafe.
    /// }
    ///
    /// // The memory was freed when `x` went out of scope above, so `x_ptr` is now dangling!
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rc_raw", since = "1.17.0")]
    pub unsafe fn from_raw(ptr: *const T) -> Self {
        unsafe {
            let offset = data_offset(ptr);

            // Reverse the offset to find the original ArcInner.
            let fake_ptr = ptr as *mut ArcInner<T>;
            let arc_ptr = set_data_ptr(fake_ptr, (ptr as *mut u8).offset(-offset));

            Self::from_ptr(arc_ptr)
        }
    }

    /// Consumes the `Arc`, returning the wrapped pointer as `NonNull<T>`.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// #![feature(rc_into_raw_non_null)]
    /// #![allow(deprecated)]
    ///
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let x = Arc::new("hello".to_owned());
    /// let ptr = Arc::into_raw_non_null(x);
    /// let deref = unsafe { ptr.as_ref() };
    /// assert_eq!(deref, "hello");
    /// ```
    #[unstable(feature = "rc_into_raw_non_null", issue = "47336")]
    #[rustc_deprecated(since = "1.44.0", reason = "use `Arc::into_raw` instead")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn into_raw_non_null(this: Self) -> NonNull<T> {
        // safe because Arc guarantees its pointer is non-null
        unsafe { NonNull::new_unchecked(Arc::into_raw(this) as *mut _) }
    }

    /// Creates a new [`Weak`][weak] pointer to this allocation.
    ///
    /// [weak]: struct.Weak.html
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let five = Arc::new(5);
    ///
    /// let weak_five = Arc::downgrade(&five);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "arc_weak", since = "1.4.0")]
    pub fn downgrade(this: &Self) -> Weak<T> {
        // This Relaxed is OK because we're checking the value in the CAS
        // below.
        let mut cur = this.inner().weak.load(Relaxed);

        loop {
            // check if the weak counter is currently "locked"; if so, spin.
            if cur == usize::MAX {
                cur = this.inner().weak.load(Relaxed);
                continue;
            }

            // NOTE: this code currently ignores the possibility of overflow
            // into usize::MAX; in general both Rc and Arc need to be adjusted
            // to deal with overflow.

            // Unlike with Clone(), we need this to be an Acquire read to
            // synchronize with the write coming from `is_unique`, so that the
            // events prior to that write happen before this read.
            match this.inner().weak.compare_exchange_weak(cur, cur + 1, Acquire, Relaxed) {
                Ok(_) => {
                    // Make sure we do not create a dangling Weak
                    debug_assert!(!is_dangling(this.ptr));
                    return Weak { ptr: this.ptr };
                }
                Err(old) => cur = old,
            }
        }
    }

    /// Gets the number of [`Weak`][weak] pointers to this allocation.
    ///
    /// [weak]: struct.Weak.html
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// This method by itself is safe, but using it correctly requires extra care.
    /// Another thread can change the weak count at any time,
    /// including potentially between calling this method and acting on the result.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let five = Arc::new(5);
    /// let _weak_five = Arc::downgrade(&five);
    ///
    /// // This assertion is deterministic because we haven't shared
    /// // the `Arc` or `Weak` between threads.
    /// assert_eq!(1, Arc::weak_count(&five));
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    #[stable(feature = "arc_counts", since = "1.15.0")]
    pub fn weak_count(this: &Self) -> usize {
        let cnt = this.inner().weak.load(SeqCst);
        // If the weak count is currently locked, the value of the
        // count was 0 just before taking the lock.
        if cnt == usize::MAX { 0 } else { cnt - 1 }
    }

    /// Gets the number of strong (`Arc`) pointers to this allocation.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// This method by itself is safe, but using it correctly requires extra care.
    /// Another thread can change the strong count at any time,
    /// including potentially between calling this method and acting on the result.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let five = Arc::new(5);
    /// let _also_five = Arc::clone(&five);
    ///
    /// // This assertion is deterministic because we haven't shared
    /// // the `Arc` between threads.
    /// assert_eq!(2, Arc::strong_count(&five));
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    #[stable(feature = "arc_counts", since = "1.15.0")]
    pub fn strong_count(this: &Self) -> usize {
        this.inner().strong.load(SeqCst)
    }

    /// Increments the strong reference count on the `Arc<T>` associated with the
    /// provided pointer by one.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// The pointer must have been obtained through `Arc::into_raw`, and the
    /// associated `Arc` instance must be valid (i.e. the strong count must be at
    /// least 1) for the duration of this method.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// #![feature(arc_mutate_strong_count)]
    ///
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let five = Arc::new(5);
    ///
    /// unsafe {
    ///     let ptr = Arc::into_raw(five);
    ///     Arc::incr_strong_count(ptr);
    ///
    ///     // This assertion is deterministic because we haven't shared
    ///     // the `Arc` between threads.
    ///     let five = Arc::from_raw(ptr);
    ///     assert_eq!(2, Arc::strong_count(&five));
    /// }
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    #[unstable(feature = "arc_mutate_strong_count", issue = "71983")]
    pub unsafe fn incr_strong_count(ptr: *const T) {
        // Retain Arc, but don't touch refcount by wrapping in ManuallyDrop
        let arc = unsafe { mem::ManuallyDrop::new(Arc::<T>::from_raw(ptr)) };
        // Now increase refcount, but don't drop new refcount either
        let _arc_clone: mem::ManuallyDrop<_> = arc.clone();
    }

    /// Decrements the strong reference count on the `Arc<T>` associated with the
    /// provided pointer by one.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// The pointer must have been obtained through `Arc::into_raw`, and the
    /// associated `Arc` instance must be valid (i.e. the strong count must be at
    /// least 1) when invoking this method. This method can be used to release the final
    /// `Arc` and backing storage, but **should not** be called after the final `Arc` has been
    /// released.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// #![feature(arc_mutate_strong_count)]
    ///
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let five = Arc::new(5);
    ///
    /// unsafe {
    ///     let ptr = Arc::into_raw(five);
    ///     Arc::incr_strong_count(ptr);
    ///
    ///     // Those assertions are deterministic because we haven't shared
    ///     // the `Arc` between threads.
    ///     let five = Arc::from_raw(ptr);
    ///     assert_eq!(2, Arc::strong_count(&five));
    ///     Arc::decr_strong_count(ptr);
    ///     assert_eq!(1, Arc::strong_count(&five));
    /// }
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    #[unstable(feature = "arc_mutate_strong_count", issue = "71983")]
    pub unsafe fn decr_strong_count(ptr: *const T) {
        unsafe { mem::drop(Arc::from_raw(ptr)) };
    }

    #[inline]
    fn inner(&self) -> &ArcInner<T> {
        // This unsafety is ok because while this arc is alive we're guaranteed
        // that the inner pointer is valid. Furthermore, we know that the
        // `ArcInner` structure itself is `Sync` because the inner data is
        // `Sync` as well, so we're ok loaning out an immutable pointer to these
        // contents.
        unsafe { self.ptr.as_ref() }
    }

    // Non-inlined part of `drop`.
    #[inline(never)]
    unsafe fn drop_slow(&mut self) {
        // Destroy the data at this time, even though we may not free the box
        // allocation itself (there may still be weak pointers lying around).
        unsafe { ptr::drop_in_place(Self::get_mut_unchecked(self)) };

        // Drop the weak ref collectively held by all strong references
        drop(Weak { ptr: self.ptr });
    }

    #[inline]
    #[stable(feature = "ptr_eq", since = "1.17.0")]
    /// Returns `true` if the two `Arc`s point to the same allocation
    /// (in a vein similar to [`ptr::eq`]).
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let five = Arc::new(5);
    /// let same_five = Arc::clone(&five);
    /// let other_five = Arc::new(5);
    ///
    /// assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(&five, &same_five));
    /// assert!(!Arc::ptr_eq(&five, &other_five));
    /// ```
    ///
    /// [`ptr::eq`]: ../../std/ptr/fn.eq.html
    pub fn ptr_eq(this: &Self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        this.ptr.as_ptr() == other.ptr.as_ptr()
    }
}

impl<T: ?Sized> Arc<T> {
    /// Allocates an `ArcInner<T>` with sufficient space for
    /// a possibly-unsized inner value where the value has the layout provided.
    ///
    /// The function `mem_to_arcinner` is called with the data pointer
    /// and must return back a (potentially fat)-pointer for the `ArcInner<T>`.
    unsafe fn allocate_for_layout(
        value_layout: Layout,
        mem_to_arcinner: impl FnOnce(*mut u8) -> *mut ArcInner<T>,
    ) -> *mut ArcInner<T> {
        // Calculate layout using the given value layout.
        // Previously, layout was calculated on the expression
        // `&*(ptr as *const ArcInner<T>)`, but this created a misaligned
        // reference (see #54908).
        let layout = Layout::new::<ArcInner<()>>().extend(value_layout).unwrap().0.pad_to_align();

        let mem = Global
            .alloc(layout, AllocInit::Uninitialized)
            .unwrap_or_else(|_| handle_alloc_error(layout));

        // Initialize the ArcInner
        let inner = mem_to_arcinner(mem.ptr.as_ptr());
        debug_assert_eq!(unsafe { Layout::for_value(&*inner) }, layout);

        unsafe {
            ptr::write(&mut (*inner).strong, atomic::AtomicUsize::new(1));
            ptr::write(&mut (*inner).weak, atomic::AtomicUsize::new(1));
        }

        inner
    }

    /// Allocates an `ArcInner<T>` with sufficient space for an unsized inner value.
    unsafe fn allocate_for_ptr(ptr: *const T) -> *mut ArcInner<T> {
        // Allocate for the `ArcInner<T>` using the given value.
        unsafe {
            Self::allocate_for_layout(Layout::for_value(&*ptr), |mem| {
                set_data_ptr(ptr as *mut T, mem) as *mut ArcInner<T>
            })
        }
    }

    fn from_box(v: Box<T>) -> Arc<T> {
        unsafe {
            let box_unique = Box::into_unique(v);
            let bptr = box_unique.as_ptr();

            let value_size = size_of_val(&*bptr);
            let ptr = Self::allocate_for_ptr(bptr);

            // Copy value as bytes
            ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
                bptr as *const T as *const u8,
                &mut (*ptr).data as *mut _ as *mut u8,
                value_size,
            );

            // Free the allocation without dropping its contents
            box_free(box_unique);

            Self::from_ptr(ptr)
        }
    }
}

impl<T> Arc<[T]> {
    /// Allocates an `ArcInner<[T]>` with the given length.
    unsafe fn allocate_for_slice(len: usize) -> *mut ArcInner<[T]> {
        unsafe {
            Self::allocate_for_layout(Layout::array::<T>(len).unwrap(), |mem| {
                ptr::slice_from_raw_parts_mut(mem as *mut T, len) as *mut ArcInner<[T]>
            })
        }
    }
}

/// Sets the data pointer of a `?Sized` raw pointer.
///
/// For a slice/trait object, this sets the `data` field and leaves the rest
/// unchanged. For a sized raw pointer, this simply sets the pointer.
unsafe fn set_data_ptr<T: ?Sized, U>(mut ptr: *mut T, data: *mut U) -> *mut T {
    unsafe {
        ptr::write(&mut ptr as *mut _ as *mut *mut u8, data as *mut u8);
    }
    ptr
}

impl<T> Arc<[T]> {
    /// Copy elements from slice into newly allocated Arc<\[T\]>
    ///
    /// Unsafe because the caller must either take ownership or bind `T: Copy`.
    unsafe fn copy_from_slice(v: &[T]) -> Arc<[T]> {
        unsafe {
            let ptr = Self::allocate_for_slice(v.len());

            ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(v.as_ptr(), &mut (*ptr).data as *mut [T] as *mut T, v.len());

            Self::from_ptr(ptr)
        }
    }

    /// Constructs an `Arc<[T]>` from an iterator known to be of a certain size.
    ///
    /// Behavior is undefined should the size be wrong.
    unsafe fn from_iter_exact(iter: impl iter::Iterator<Item = T>, len: usize) -> Arc<[T]> {
        // Panic guard while cloning T elements.
        // In the event of a panic, elements that have been written
        // into the new ArcInner will be dropped, then the memory freed.
        struct Guard<T> {
            mem: NonNull<u8>,
            elems: *mut T,
            layout: Layout,
            n_elems: usize,
        }

        impl<T> Drop for Guard<T> {
            fn drop(&mut self) {
                unsafe {
                    let slice = from_raw_parts_mut(self.elems, self.n_elems);
                    ptr::drop_in_place(slice);

                    Global.dealloc(self.mem.cast(), self.layout);
                }
            }
        }

        unsafe {
            let ptr = Self::allocate_for_slice(len);

            let mem = ptr as *mut _ as *mut u8;
            let layout = Layout::for_value(&*ptr);

            // Pointer to first element
            let elems = &mut (*ptr).data as *mut [T] as *mut T;

            let mut guard = Guard { mem: NonNull::new_unchecked(mem), elems, layout, n_elems: 0 };

            for (i, item) in iter.enumerate() {
                ptr::write(elems.add(i), item);
                guard.n_elems += 1;
            }

            // All clear. Forget the guard so it doesn't free the new ArcInner.
            mem::forget(guard);

            Self::from_ptr(ptr)
        }
    }
}

/// Specialization trait used for `From<&[T]>`.
trait ArcFromSlice<T> {
    fn from_slice(slice: &[T]) -> Self;
}

impl<T: Clone> ArcFromSlice<T> for Arc<[T]> {
    #[inline]
    default fn from_slice(v: &[T]) -> Self {
        unsafe { Self::from_iter_exact(v.iter().cloned(), v.len()) }
    }
}

impl<T: Copy> ArcFromSlice<T> for Arc<[T]> {
    #[inline]
    fn from_slice(v: &[T]) -> Self {
        unsafe { Arc::copy_from_slice(v) }
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized> Clone for Arc<T> {
    /// Makes a clone of the `Arc` pointer.
    ///
    /// This creates another pointer to the same allocation, increasing the
    /// strong reference count.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let five = Arc::new(5);
    ///
    /// let _ = Arc::clone(&five);
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    fn clone(&self) -> Arc<T> {
        // Using a relaxed ordering is alright here, as knowledge of the
        // original reference prevents other threads from erroneously deleting
        // the object.
        //
        // As explained in the [Boost documentation][1], Increasing the
        // reference counter can always be done with memory_order_relaxed: New
        // references to an object can only be formed from an existing
        // reference, and passing an existing reference from one thread to
        // another must already provide any required synchronization.
        //
        // [1]: (www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_55_0/doc/html/atomic/usage_examples.html)
        let old_size = self.inner().strong.fetch_add(1, Relaxed);

        // However we need to guard against massive refcounts in case someone
        // is `mem::forget`ing Arcs. If we don't do this the count can overflow
        // and users will use-after free. We racily saturate to `isize::MAX` on
        // the assumption that there aren't ~2 billion threads incrementing
        // the reference count at once. This branch will never be taken in
        // any realistic program.
        //
        // We abort because such a program is incredibly degenerate, and we
        // don't care to support it.
        if old_size > MAX_REFCOUNT {
            abort();
        }

        Self::from_inner(self.ptr)
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized> Deref for Arc<T> {
    type Target = T;

    #[inline]
    fn deref(&self) -> &T {
        &self.inner().data
    }
}

#[unstable(feature = "receiver_trait", issue = "none")]
impl<T: ?Sized> Receiver for Arc<T> {}

impl<T: Clone> Arc<T> {
    /// Makes a mutable reference into the given `Arc`.
    ///
    /// If there are other `Arc` or [`Weak`][weak] pointers to the same allocation,
    /// then `make_mut` will create a new allocation and invoke [`clone`][clone] on the inner value
    /// to ensure unique ownership. This is also referred to as clone-on-write.
    ///
    /// Note that this differs from the behavior of [`Rc::make_mut`] which disassociates
    /// any remaining `Weak` pointers.
    ///
    /// See also [`get_mut`][get_mut], which will fail rather than cloning.
    ///
    /// [weak]: struct.Weak.html
    /// [clone]: ../../std/clone/trait.Clone.html#tymethod.clone
    /// [get_mut]: struct.Arc.html#method.get_mut
    /// [`Rc::make_mut`]: ../rc/struct.Rc.html#method.make_mut
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let mut data = Arc::new(5);
    ///
    /// *Arc::make_mut(&mut data) += 1;         // Won't clone anything
    /// let mut other_data = Arc::clone(&data); // Won't clone inner data
    /// *Arc::make_mut(&mut data) += 1;         // Clones inner data
    /// *Arc::make_mut(&mut data) += 1;         // Won't clone anything
    /// *Arc::make_mut(&mut other_data) *= 2;   // Won't clone anything
    ///
    /// // Now `data` and `other_data` point to different allocations.
    /// assert_eq!(*data, 8);
    /// assert_eq!(*other_data, 12);
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    #[stable(feature = "arc_unique", since = "1.4.0")]
    pub fn make_mut(this: &mut Self) -> &mut T {
        // Note that we hold both a strong reference and a weak reference.
        // Thus, releasing our strong reference only will not, by itself, cause
        // the memory to be deallocated.
        //
        // Use Acquire to ensure that we see any writes to `weak` that happen
        // before release writes (i.e., decrements) to `strong`. Since we hold a
        // weak count, there's no chance the ArcInner itself could be
        // deallocated.
        if this.inner().strong.compare_exchange(1, 0, Acquire, Relaxed).is_err() {
            // Another strong pointer exists; clone
            *this = Arc::new((**this).clone());
        } else if this.inner().weak.load(Relaxed) != 1 {
            // Relaxed suffices in the above because this is fundamentally an
            // optimization: we are always racing with weak pointers being
            // dropped. Worst case, we end up allocated a new Arc unnecessarily.

            // We removed the last strong ref, but there are additional weak
            // refs remaining. We'll move the contents to a new Arc, and
            // invalidate the other weak refs.

            // Note that it is not possible for the read of `weak` to yield
            // usize::MAX (i.e., locked), since the weak count can only be
            // locked by a thread with a strong reference.

            // Materialize our own implicit weak pointer, so that it can clean
            // up the ArcInner as needed.
            let weak = Weak { ptr: this.ptr };

            // mark the data itself as already deallocated
            unsafe {
                // there is no data race in the implicit write caused by `read`
                // here (due to zeroing) because data is no longer accessed by
                // other threads (due to there being no more strong refs at this
                // point).
                let mut swap = Arc::new(ptr::read(&weak.ptr.as_ref().data));
                mem::swap(this, &mut swap);
                mem::forget(swap);
            }
        } else {
            // We were the sole reference of either kind; bump back up the
            // strong ref count.
            this.inner().strong.store(1, Release);
        }

        // As with `get_mut()`, the unsafety is ok because our reference was
        // either unique to begin with, or became one upon cloning the contents.
        unsafe { Self::get_mut_unchecked(this) }
    }
}

impl<T: ?Sized> Arc<T> {
    /// Returns a mutable reference into the given `Arc`, if there are
    /// no other `Arc` or [`Weak`][weak] pointers to the same allocation.
    ///
    /// Returns [`None`][option] otherwise, because it is not safe to
    /// mutate a shared value.
    ///
    /// See also [`make_mut`][make_mut], which will [`clone`][clone]
    /// the inner value when there are other pointers.
    ///
    /// [weak]: struct.Weak.html
    /// [option]: ../../std/option/enum.Option.html
    /// [make_mut]: struct.Arc.html#method.make_mut
    /// [clone]: ../../std/clone/trait.Clone.html#tymethod.clone
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let mut x = Arc::new(3);
    /// *Arc::get_mut(&mut x).unwrap() = 4;
    /// assert_eq!(*x, 4);
    ///
    /// let _y = Arc::clone(&x);
    /// assert!(Arc::get_mut(&mut x).is_none());
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    #[stable(feature = "arc_unique", since = "1.4.0")]
    pub fn get_mut(this: &mut Self) -> Option<&mut T> {
        if this.is_unique() {
            // This unsafety is ok because we're guaranteed that the pointer
            // returned is the *only* pointer that will ever be returned to T. Our
            // reference count is guaranteed to be 1 at this point, and we required
            // the Arc itself to be `mut`, so we're returning the only possible
            // reference to the inner data.
            unsafe { Some(Arc::get_mut_unchecked(this)) }
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    /// Returns a mutable reference into the given `Arc`,
    /// without any check.
    ///
    /// See also [`get_mut`], which is safe and does appropriate checks.
    ///
    /// [`get_mut`]: struct.Arc.html#method.get_mut
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// Any other `Arc` or [`Weak`] pointers to the same allocation must not be dereferenced
    /// for the duration of the returned borrow.
    /// This is trivially the case if no such pointers exist,
    /// for example immediately after `Arc::new`.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// #![feature(get_mut_unchecked)]
    ///
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let mut x = Arc::new(String::new());
    /// unsafe {
    ///     Arc::get_mut_unchecked(&mut x).push_str("foo")
    /// }
    /// assert_eq!(*x, "foo");
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    #[unstable(feature = "get_mut_unchecked", issue = "63292")]
    pub unsafe fn get_mut_unchecked(this: &mut Self) -> &mut T {
        // We are careful to *not* create a reference covering the "count" fields, as
        // this would alias with concurrent access to the reference counts (e.g. by `Weak`).
        unsafe { &mut (*this.ptr.as_ptr()).data }
    }

    /// Determine whether this is the unique reference (including weak refs) to
    /// the underlying data.
    ///
    /// Note that this requires locking the weak ref count.
    fn is_unique(&mut self) -> bool {
        // lock the weak pointer count if we appear to be the sole weak pointer
        // holder.
        //
        // The acquire label here ensures a happens-before relationship with any
        // writes to `strong` (in particular in `Weak::upgrade`) prior to decrements
        // of the `weak` count (via `Weak::drop`, which uses release).  If the upgraded
        // weak ref was never dropped, the CAS here will fail so we do not care to synchronize.
        if self.inner().weak.compare_exchange(1, usize::MAX, Acquire, Relaxed).is_ok() {
            // This needs to be an `Acquire` to synchronize with the decrement of the `strong`
            // counter in `drop` -- the only access that happens when any but the last reference
            // is being dropped.
            let unique = self.inner().strong.load(Acquire) == 1;

            // The release write here synchronizes with a read in `downgrade`,
            // effectively preventing the above read of `strong` from happening
            // after the write.
            self.inner().weak.store(1, Release); // release the lock
            unique
        } else {
            false
        }
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
unsafe impl<#[may_dangle] T: ?Sized> Drop for Arc<T> {
    /// Drops the `Arc`.
    ///
    /// This will decrement the strong reference count. If the strong reference
    /// count reaches zero then the only other references (if any) are
    /// [`Weak`], so we `drop` the inner value.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// struct Foo;
    ///
    /// impl Drop for Foo {
    ///     fn drop(&mut self) {
    ///         println!("dropped!");
    ///     }
    /// }
    ///
    /// let foo  = Arc::new(Foo);
    /// let foo2 = Arc::clone(&foo);
    ///
    /// drop(foo);    // Doesn't print anything
    /// drop(foo2);   // Prints "dropped!"
    /// ```
    ///
    /// [`Weak`]: ../../std/sync/struct.Weak.html
    #[inline]
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        // Because `fetch_sub` is already atomic, we do not need to synchronize
        // with other threads unless we are going to delete the object. This
        // same logic applies to the below `fetch_sub` to the `weak` count.
        if self.inner().strong.fetch_sub(1, Release) != 1 {
            return;
        }

        // This fence is needed to prevent reordering of use of the data and
        // deletion of the data.  Because it is marked `Release`, the decreasing
        // of the reference count synchronizes with this `Acquire` fence. This
        // means that use of the data happens before decreasing the reference
        // count, which happens before this fence, which happens before the
        // deletion of the data.
        //
        // As explained in the [Boost documentation][1],
        //
        // > It is important to enforce any possible access to the object in one
        // > thread (through an existing reference) to *happen before* deleting
        // > the object in a different thread. This is achieved by a "release"
        // > operation after dropping a reference (any access to the object
        // > through this reference must obviously happened before), and an
        // > "acquire" operation before deleting the object.
        //
        // In particular, while the contents of an Arc are usually immutable, it's
        // possible to have interior writes to something like a Mutex<T>. Since a
        // Mutex is not acquired when it is deleted, we can't rely on its
        // synchronization logic to make writes in thread A visible to a destructor
        // running in thread B.
        //
        // Also note that the Acquire fence here could probably be replaced with an
        // Acquire load, which could improve performance in highly-contended
        // situations. See [2].
        //
        // [1]: (www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_55_0/doc/html/atomic/usage_examples.html)
        // [2]: (https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/41714)
        acquire!(self.inner().strong);

        unsafe {
            self.drop_slow();
        }
    }
}

impl Arc<dyn Any + Send + Sync> {
    #[inline]
    #[stable(feature = "rc_downcast", since = "1.29.0")]
    /// Attempt to downcast the `Arc<dyn Any + Send + Sync>` to a concrete type.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::any::Any;
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// fn print_if_string(value: Arc<dyn Any + Send + Sync>) {
    ///     if let Ok(string) = value.downcast::<String>() {
    ///         println!("String ({}): {}", string.len(), string);
    ///     }
    /// }
    ///
    /// let my_string = "Hello World".to_string();
    /// print_if_string(Arc::new(my_string));
    /// print_if_string(Arc::new(0i8));
    /// ```
    pub fn downcast<T>(self) -> Result<Arc<T>, Self>
    where
        T: Any + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        if (*self).is::<T>() {
            let ptr = self.ptr.cast::<ArcInner<T>>();
            mem::forget(self);
            Ok(Arc::from_inner(ptr))
        } else {
            Err(self)
        }
    }
}

impl<T> Weak<T> {
    /// Constructs a new `Weak<T>`, without allocating any memory.
    /// Calling [`upgrade`] on the return value always gives [`None`].
    ///
    /// [`upgrade`]: struct.Weak.html#method.upgrade
    /// [`None`]: ../../std/option/enum.Option.html#variant.None
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Weak;
    ///
    /// let empty: Weak<i64> = Weak::new();
    /// assert!(empty.upgrade().is_none());
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "downgraded_weak", since = "1.10.0")]
    pub fn new() -> Weak<T> {
        Weak { ptr: NonNull::new(usize::MAX as *mut ArcInner<T>).expect("MAX is not 0") }
    }

    /// Returns a raw pointer to the object `T` pointed to by this `Weak<T>`.
    ///
    /// The pointer is valid only if there are some strong references. The pointer may be dangling,
    /// unaligned or even [`null`] otherwise.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    /// use std::ptr;
    ///
    /// let strong = Arc::new("hello".to_owned());
    /// let weak = Arc::downgrade(&strong);
    /// // Both point to the same object
    /// assert!(ptr::eq(&*strong, weak.as_ptr()));
    /// // The strong here keeps it alive, so we can still access the object.
    /// assert_eq!("hello", unsafe { &*weak.as_ptr() });
    ///
    /// drop(strong);
    /// // But not any more. We can do weak.as_ptr(), but accessing the pointer would lead to
    /// // undefined behaviour.
    /// // assert_eq!("hello", unsafe { &*weak.as_ptr() });
    /// ```
    ///
    /// [`null`]: ../../std/ptr/fn.null.html
    #[stable(feature = "weak_into_raw", since = "1.45.0")]
    pub fn as_ptr(&self) -> *const T {
        let offset = data_offset_sized::<T>();
        let ptr = self.ptr.cast::<u8>().as_ptr().wrapping_offset(offset);
        ptr as *const T
    }

    /// Consumes the `Weak<T>` and turns it into a raw pointer.
    ///
    /// This converts the weak pointer into a raw pointer, preserving the original weak count. It
    /// can be turned back into the `Weak<T>` with [`from_raw`].
    ///
    /// The same restrictions of accessing the target of the pointer as with
    /// [`as_ptr`] apply.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
    ///
    /// let strong = Arc::new("hello".to_owned());
    /// let weak = Arc::downgrade(&strong);
    /// let raw = weak.into_raw();
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(1, Arc::weak_count(&strong));
    /// assert_eq!("hello", unsafe { &*raw });
    ///
    /// drop(unsafe { Weak::from_raw(raw) });
    /// assert_eq!(0, Arc::weak_count(&strong));
    /// ```
    ///
    /// [`from_raw`]: struct.Weak.html#method.from_raw
    /// [`as_ptr`]: struct.Weak.html#method.as_ptr
    #[stable(feature = "weak_into_raw", since = "1.45.0")]
    pub fn into_raw(self) -> *const T {
        let result = self.as_ptr();
        mem::forget(self);
        result
    }

    /// Converts a raw pointer previously created by [`into_raw`] back into
    /// `Weak<T>`.
    ///
    /// This can be used to safely get a strong reference (by calling [`upgrade`]
    /// later) or to deallocate the weak count by dropping the `Weak<T>`.
    ///
    /// It takes ownership of one weak count (with the exception of pointers created by [`new`],
    /// as these don't have any corresponding weak count).
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// The pointer must have originated from the [`into_raw`] and must still own its potential
    /// weak reference count.
    ///
    /// It is allowed for the strong count to be 0 at the time of calling this, but the weak count
    /// must be non-zero or the pointer must have originated from a dangling `Weak<T>` (one created
    /// by [`new`]).
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
    ///
    /// let strong = Arc::new("hello".to_owned());
    ///
    /// let raw_1 = Arc::downgrade(&strong).into_raw();
    /// let raw_2 = Arc::downgrade(&strong).into_raw();
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(2, Arc::weak_count(&strong));
    ///
    /// assert_eq!("hello", &*unsafe { Weak::from_raw(raw_1) }.upgrade().unwrap());
    /// assert_eq!(1, Arc::weak_count(&strong));
    ///
    /// drop(strong);
    ///
    /// // Decrement the last weak count.
    /// assert!(unsafe { Weak::from_raw(raw_2) }.upgrade().is_none());
    /// ```
    ///
    /// [`new`]: struct.Weak.html#method.new
    /// [`into_raw`]: struct.Weak.html#method.into_raw
    /// [`upgrade`]: struct.Weak.html#method.upgrade
    /// [`Weak`]: struct.Weak.html
    /// [`Arc`]: struct.Arc.html
    /// [`forget`]: ../../std/mem/fn.forget.html
    #[stable(feature = "weak_into_raw", since = "1.45.0")]
    pub unsafe fn from_raw(ptr: *const T) -> Self {
        if ptr.is_null() {
            Self::new()
        } else {
            // See Arc::from_raw for details
            unsafe {
                let offset = data_offset(ptr);
                let fake_ptr = ptr as *mut ArcInner<T>;
                let ptr = set_data_ptr(fake_ptr, (ptr as *mut u8).offset(-offset));
                Weak { ptr: NonNull::new(ptr).expect("Invalid pointer passed to from_raw") }
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Helper type to allow accessing the reference counts without
/// making any assertions about the data field.
struct WeakInner<'a> {
    weak: &'a atomic::AtomicUsize,
    strong: &'a atomic::AtomicUsize,
}

impl<T: ?Sized> Weak<T> {
    /// Attempts to upgrade the `Weak` pointer to an [`Arc`], delaying
    /// dropping of the inner value if successful.
    ///
    /// Returns [`None`] if the inner value has since been dropped.
    ///
    /// [`Arc`]: struct.Arc.html
    /// [`None`]: ../../std/option/enum.Option.html#variant.None
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let five = Arc::new(5);
    ///
    /// let weak_five = Arc::downgrade(&five);
    ///
    /// let strong_five: Option<Arc<_>> = weak_five.upgrade();
    /// assert!(strong_five.is_some());
    ///
    /// // Destroy all strong pointers.
    /// drop(strong_five);
    /// drop(five);
    ///
    /// assert!(weak_five.upgrade().is_none());
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "arc_weak", since = "1.4.0")]
    pub fn upgrade(&self) -> Option<Arc<T>> {
        // We use a CAS loop to increment the strong count instead of a
        // fetch_add because once the count hits 0 it must never be above 0.
        let inner = self.inner()?;

        // Relaxed load because any write of 0 that we can observe
        // leaves the field in a permanently zero state (so a
        // "stale" read of 0 is fine), and any other value is
        // confirmed via the CAS below.
        let mut n = inner.strong.load(Relaxed);

        loop {
            if n == 0 {
                return None;
            }

            // See comments in `Arc::clone` for why we do this (for `mem::forget`).
            if n > MAX_REFCOUNT {
                abort();
            }

            // Relaxed is valid for the same reason it is on Arc's Clone impl
            match inner.strong.compare_exchange_weak(n, n + 1, Relaxed, Relaxed) {
                Ok(_) => return Some(Arc::from_inner(self.ptr)), // null checked above
                Err(old) => n = old,
            }
        }
    }

    /// Gets the number of strong (`Arc`) pointers pointing to this allocation.
    ///
    /// If `self` was created using [`Weak::new`], this will return 0.
    ///
    /// [`Weak::new`]: #method.new
    #[stable(feature = "weak_counts", since = "1.41.0")]
    pub fn strong_count(&self) -> usize {
        if let Some(inner) = self.inner() { inner.strong.load(SeqCst) } else { 0 }
    }

    /// Gets an approximation of the number of `Weak` pointers pointing to this
    /// allocation.
    ///
    /// If `self` was created using [`Weak::new`], or if there are no remaining
    /// strong pointers, this will return 0.
    ///
    /// # Accuracy
    ///
    /// Due to implementation details, the returned value can be off by 1 in
    /// either direction when other threads are manipulating any `Arc`s or
    /// `Weak`s pointing to the same allocation.
    ///
    /// [`Weak::new`]: #method.new
    #[stable(feature = "weak_counts", since = "1.41.0")]
    pub fn weak_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.inner()
            .map(|inner| {
                let weak = inner.weak.load(SeqCst);
                let strong = inner.strong.load(SeqCst);
                if strong == 0 {
                    0
                } else {
                    // Since we observed that there was at least one strong pointer
                    // after reading the weak count, we know that the implicit weak
                    // reference (present whenever any strong references are alive)
                    // was still around when we observed the weak count, and can
                    // therefore safely subtract it.
                    weak - 1
                }
            })
            .unwrap_or(0)
    }

    /// Returns `None` when the pointer is dangling and there is no allocated `ArcInner`,
    /// (i.e., when this `Weak` was created by `Weak::new`).
    #[inline]
    fn inner(&self) -> Option<WeakInner<'_>> {
        if is_dangling(self.ptr) {
            None
        } else {
            // We are careful to *not* create a reference covering the "data" field, as
            // the field may be mutated concurrently (for example, if the last `Arc`
            // is dropped, the data field will be dropped in-place).
            Some(unsafe {
                let ptr = self.ptr.as_ptr();
                WeakInner { strong: &(*ptr).strong, weak: &(*ptr).weak }
            })
        }
    }

    /// Returns `true` if the two `Weak`s point to the same allocation (similar to
    /// [`ptr::eq`]), or if both don't point to any allocation
    /// (because they were created with `Weak::new()`).
    ///
    /// # Notes
    ///
    /// Since this compares pointers it means that `Weak::new()` will equal each
    /// other, even though they don't point to any allocation.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let first_rc = Arc::new(5);
    /// let first = Arc::downgrade(&first_rc);
    /// let second = Arc::downgrade(&first_rc);
    ///
    /// assert!(first.ptr_eq(&second));
    ///
    /// let third_rc = Arc::new(5);
    /// let third = Arc::downgrade(&third_rc);
    ///
    /// assert!(!first.ptr_eq(&third));
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Comparing `Weak::new`.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
    ///
    /// let first = Weak::new();
    /// let second = Weak::new();
    /// assert!(first.ptr_eq(&second));
    ///
    /// let third_rc = Arc::new(());
    /// let third = Arc::downgrade(&third_rc);
    /// assert!(!first.ptr_eq(&third));
    /// ```
    ///
    /// [`ptr::eq`]: ../../std/ptr/fn.eq.html
    #[inline]
    #[stable(feature = "weak_ptr_eq", since = "1.39.0")]
    pub fn ptr_eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        self.ptr.as_ptr() == other.ptr.as_ptr()
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "arc_weak", since = "1.4.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized> Clone for Weak<T> {
    /// Makes a clone of the `Weak` pointer that points to the same allocation.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
    ///
    /// let weak_five = Arc::downgrade(&Arc::new(5));
    ///
    /// let _ = Weak::clone(&weak_five);
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    fn clone(&self) -> Weak<T> {
        let inner = if let Some(inner) = self.inner() {
            inner
        } else {
            return Weak { ptr: self.ptr };
        };
        // See comments in Arc::clone() for why this is relaxed.  This can use a
        // fetch_add (ignoring the lock) because the weak count is only locked
        // where are *no other* weak pointers in existence. (So we can't be
        // running this code in that case).
        let old_size = inner.weak.fetch_add(1, Relaxed);

        // See comments in Arc::clone() for why we do this (for mem::forget).
        if old_size > MAX_REFCOUNT {
            abort();
        }

        Weak { ptr: self.ptr }
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "downgraded_weak", since = "1.10.0")]
impl<T> Default for Weak<T> {
    /// Constructs a new `Weak<T>`, without allocating memory.
    /// Calling [`upgrade`] on the return value always
    /// gives [`None`].
    ///
    /// [`None`]: ../../std/option/enum.Option.html#variant.None
    /// [`upgrade`]: ../../std/sync/struct.Weak.html#method.upgrade
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Weak;
    ///
    /// let empty: Weak<i64> = Default::default();
    /// assert!(empty.upgrade().is_none());
    /// ```
    fn default() -> Weak<T> {
        Weak::new()
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "arc_weak", since = "1.4.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized> Drop for Weak<T> {
    /// Drops the `Weak` pointer.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
    ///
    /// struct Foo;
    ///
    /// impl Drop for Foo {
    ///     fn drop(&mut self) {
    ///         println!("dropped!");
    ///     }
    /// }
    ///
    /// let foo = Arc::new(Foo);
    /// let weak_foo = Arc::downgrade(&foo);
    /// let other_weak_foo = Weak::clone(&weak_foo);
    ///
    /// drop(weak_foo);   // Doesn't print anything
    /// drop(foo);        // Prints "dropped!"
    ///
    /// assert!(other_weak_foo.upgrade().is_none());
    /// ```
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        // If we find out that we were the last weak pointer, then its time to
        // deallocate the data entirely. See the discussion in Arc::drop() about
        // the memory orderings
        //
        // It's not necessary to check for the locked state here, because the
        // weak count can only be locked if there was precisely one weak ref,
        // meaning that drop could only subsequently run ON that remaining weak
        // ref, which can only happen after the lock is released.
        let inner = if let Some(inner) = self.inner() { inner } else { return };

        if inner.weak.fetch_sub(1, Release) == 1 {
            acquire!(inner.weak);
            unsafe { Global.dealloc(self.ptr.cast(), Layout::for_value(self.ptr.as_ref())) }
        }
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
trait ArcEqIdent<T: ?Sized + PartialEq> {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Arc<T>) -> bool;
    fn ne(&self, other: &Arc<T>) -> bool;
}

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + PartialEq> ArcEqIdent<T> for Arc<T> {
    #[inline]
    default fn eq(&self, other: &Arc<T>) -> bool {
        **self == **other
    }
    #[inline]
    default fn ne(&self, other: &Arc<T>) -> bool {
        **self != **other
    }
}

/// We're doing this specialization here, and not as a more general optimization on `&T`, because it
/// would otherwise add a cost to all equality checks on refs. We assume that `Arc`s are used to
/// store large values, that are slow to clone, but also heavy to check for equality, causing this
/// cost to pay off more easily. It's also more likely to have two `Arc` clones, that point to
/// the same value, than two `&T`s.
///
/// We can only do this when `T: Eq` as a `PartialEq` might be deliberately irreflexive.
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + crate::rc::MarkerEq> ArcEqIdent<T> for Arc<T> {
    #[inline]
    fn eq(&self, other: &Arc<T>) -> bool {
        Arc::ptr_eq(self, other) || **self == **other
    }

    #[inline]
    fn ne(&self, other: &Arc<T>) -> bool {
        !Arc::ptr_eq(self, other) && **self != **other
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + PartialEq> PartialEq for Arc<T> {
    /// Equality for two `Arc`s.
    ///
    /// Two `Arc`s are equal if their inner values are equal, even if they are
    /// stored in different allocation.
    ///
    /// If `T` also implements `Eq` (implying reflexivity of equality),
    /// two `Arc`s that point to the same allocation are always equal.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let five = Arc::new(5);
    ///
    /// assert!(five == Arc::new(5));
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    fn eq(&self, other: &Arc<T>) -> bool {
        ArcEqIdent::eq(self, other)
    }

    /// Inequality for two `Arc`s.
    ///
    /// Two `Arc`s are unequal if their inner values are unequal.
    ///
    /// If `T` also implements `Eq` (implying reflexivity of equality),
    /// two `Arc`s that point to the same value are never unequal.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let five = Arc::new(5);
    ///
    /// assert!(five != Arc::new(6));
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    fn ne(&self, other: &Arc<T>) -> bool {
        ArcEqIdent::ne(self, other)
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + PartialOrd> PartialOrd for Arc<T> {
    /// Partial comparison for two `Arc`s.
    ///
    /// The two are compared by calling `partial_cmp()` on their inner values.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    /// use std::cmp::Ordering;
    ///
    /// let five = Arc::new(5);
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(Some(Ordering::Less), five.partial_cmp(&Arc::new(6)));
    /// ```
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Arc<T>) -> Option<Ordering> {
        (**self).partial_cmp(&**other)
    }

    /// Less-than comparison for two `Arc`s.
    ///
    /// The two are compared by calling `<` on their inner values.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let five = Arc::new(5);
    ///
    /// assert!(five < Arc::new(6));
    /// ```
    fn lt(&self, other: &Arc<T>) -> bool {
        *(*self) < *(*other)
    }

    /// 'Less than or equal to' comparison for two `Arc`s.
    ///
    /// The two are compared by calling `<=` on their inner values.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let five = Arc::new(5);
    ///
    /// assert!(five <= Arc::new(5));
    /// ```
    fn le(&self, other: &Arc<T>) -> bool {
        *(*self) <= *(*other)
    }

    /// Greater-than comparison for two `Arc`s.
    ///
    /// The two are compared by calling `>` on their inner values.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let five = Arc::new(5);
    ///
    /// assert!(five > Arc::new(4));
    /// ```
    fn gt(&self, other: &Arc<T>) -> bool {
        *(*self) > *(*other)
    }

    /// 'Greater than or equal to' comparison for two `Arc`s.
    ///
    /// The two are compared by calling `>=` on their inner values.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let five = Arc::new(5);
    ///
    /// assert!(five >= Arc::new(5));
    /// ```
    fn ge(&self, other: &Arc<T>) -> bool {
        *(*self) >= *(*other)
    }
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + Ord> Ord for Arc<T> {
    /// Comparison for two `Arc`s.
    ///
    /// The two are compared by calling `cmp()` on their inner values.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    /// use std::cmp::Ordering;
    ///
    /// let five = Arc::new(5);
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(Ordering::Less, five.cmp(&Arc::new(6)));
    /// ```
    fn cmp(&self, other: &Arc<T>) -> Ordering {
        (**self).cmp(&**other)
    }
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + Eq> Eq for Arc<T> {}

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + fmt::Display> fmt::Display for Arc<T> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        fmt::Display::fmt(&**self, f)
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug for Arc<T> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        fmt::Debug::fmt(&**self, f)
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized> fmt::Pointer for Arc<T> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        fmt::Pointer::fmt(&(&**self as *const T), f)
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: Default> Default for Arc<T> {
    /// Creates a new `Arc<T>`, with the `Default` value for `T`.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let x: Arc<i32> = Default::default();
    /// assert_eq!(*x, 0);
    /// ```
    fn default() -> Arc<T> {
        Arc::new(Default::default())
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + Hash> Hash for Arc<T> {
    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
        (**self).hash(state)
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "from_for_ptrs", since = "1.6.0")]
impl<T> From<T> for Arc<T> {
    fn from(t: T) -> Self {
        Arc::new(t)
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "shared_from_slice", since = "1.21.0")]
impl<T: Clone> From<&[T]> for Arc<[T]> {
    #[inline]
    fn from(v: &[T]) -> Arc<[T]> {
        <Self as ArcFromSlice<T>>::from_slice(v)
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "shared_from_slice", since = "1.21.0")]
impl From<&str> for Arc<str> {
    #[inline]
    fn from(v: &str) -> Arc<str> {
        let arc = Arc::<[u8]>::from(v.as_bytes());
        unsafe { Arc::from_raw(Arc::into_raw(arc) as *const str) }
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "shared_from_slice", since = "1.21.0")]
impl From<String> for Arc<str> {
    #[inline]
    fn from(v: String) -> Arc<str> {
        Arc::from(&v[..])
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "shared_from_slice", since = "1.21.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized> From<Box<T>> for Arc<T> {
    #[inline]
    fn from(v: Box<T>) -> Arc<T> {
        Arc::from_box(v)
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "shared_from_slice", since = "1.21.0")]
impl<T> From<Vec<T>> for Arc<[T]> {
    #[inline]
    fn from(mut v: Vec<T>) -> Arc<[T]> {
        unsafe {
            let arc = Arc::copy_from_slice(&v);

            // Allow the Vec to free its memory, but not destroy its contents
            v.set_len(0);

            arc
        }
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "shared_from_cow", since = "1.45.0")]
impl<'a, B> From<Cow<'a, B>> for Arc<B>
where
    B: ToOwned + ?Sized,
    Arc<B>: From<&'a B> + From<B::Owned>,
{
    #[inline]
    fn from(cow: Cow<'a, B>) -> Arc<B> {
        match cow {
            Cow::Borrowed(s) => Arc::from(s),
            Cow::Owned(s) => Arc::from(s),
        }
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "boxed_slice_try_from", since = "1.43.0")]
impl<T, const N: usize> TryFrom<Arc<[T]>> for Arc<[T; N]>
where
    [T; N]: LengthAtMost32,
{
    type Error = Arc<[T]>;

    fn try_from(boxed_slice: Arc<[T]>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
        if boxed_slice.len() == N {
            Ok(unsafe { Arc::from_raw(Arc::into_raw(boxed_slice) as *mut [T; N]) })
        } else {
            Err(boxed_slice)
        }
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "shared_from_iter", since = "1.37.0")]
impl<T> iter::FromIterator<T> for Arc<[T]> {
    /// Takes each element in the `Iterator` and collects it into an `Arc<[T]>`.
    ///
    /// # Performance characteristics
    ///
    /// ## The general case
    ///
    /// In the general case, collecting into `Arc<[T]>` is done by first
    /// collecting into a `Vec<T>`. That is, when writing the following:
    ///
    /// ```rust
    /// # use std::sync::Arc;
    /// let evens: Arc<[u8]> = (0..10).filter(|&x| x % 2 == 0).collect();
    /// # assert_eq!(&*evens, &[0, 2, 4, 6, 8]);
    /// ```
    ///
    /// this behaves as if we wrote:
    ///
    /// ```rust
    /// # use std::sync::Arc;
    /// let evens: Arc<[u8]> = (0..10).filter(|&x| x % 2 == 0)
    ///     .collect::<Vec<_>>() // The first set of allocations happens here.
    ///     .into(); // A second allocation for `Arc<[T]>` happens here.
    /// # assert_eq!(&*evens, &[0, 2, 4, 6, 8]);
    /// ```
    ///
    /// This will allocate as many times as needed for constructing the `Vec<T>`
    /// and then it will allocate once for turning the `Vec<T>` into the `Arc<[T]>`.
    ///
    /// ## Iterators of known length
    ///
    /// When your `Iterator` implements `TrustedLen` and is of an exact size,
    /// a single allocation will be made for the `Arc<[T]>`. For example:
    ///
    /// ```rust
    /// # use std::sync::Arc;
    /// let evens: Arc<[u8]> = (0..10).collect(); // Just a single allocation happens here.
    /// # assert_eq!(&*evens, &*(0..10).collect::<Vec<_>>());
    /// ```
    fn from_iter<I: iter::IntoIterator<Item = T>>(iter: I) -> Self {
        ToArcSlice::to_arc_slice(iter.into_iter())
    }
}

/// Specialization trait used for collecting into `Arc<[T]>`.
trait ToArcSlice<T>: Iterator<Item = T> + Sized {
    fn to_arc_slice(self) -> Arc<[T]>;
}

impl<T, I: Iterator<Item = T>> ToArcSlice<T> for I {
    default fn to_arc_slice(self) -> Arc<[T]> {
        self.collect::<Vec<T>>().into()
    }
}

impl<T, I: iter::TrustedLen<Item = T>> ToArcSlice<T> for I {
    fn to_arc_slice(self) -> Arc<[T]> {
        // This is the case for a `TrustedLen` iterator.
        let (low, high) = self.size_hint();
        if let Some(high) = high {
            debug_assert_eq!(
                low,
                high,
                "TrustedLen iterator's size hint is not exact: {:?}",
                (low, high)
            );

            unsafe {
                // SAFETY: We need to ensure that the iterator has an exact length and we have.
                Arc::from_iter_exact(self, low)
            }
        } else {
            // Fall back to normal implementation.
            self.collect::<Vec<T>>().into()
        }
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized> borrow::Borrow<T> for Arc<T> {
    fn borrow(&self) -> &T {
        &**self
    }
}

#[stable(since = "1.5.0", feature = "smart_ptr_as_ref")]
impl<T: ?Sized> AsRef<T> for Arc<T> {
    fn as_ref(&self) -> &T {
        &**self
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "pin", since = "1.33.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized> Unpin for Arc<T> {}

/// Computes the offset of the data field within `ArcInner`.
unsafe fn data_offset<T: ?Sized>(ptr: *const T) -> isize {
    // Align the unsized value to the end of the `ArcInner`.
    // Because it is `?Sized`, it will always be the last field in memory.
    // Note: This is a detail of the current implementation of the compiler,
    // and is not a guaranteed language detail. Do not rely on it outside of std.
    unsafe { data_offset_align(align_of_val(&*ptr)) }
}

/// Computes the offset of the data field within `ArcInner`.
///
/// Unlike [`data_offset`], this doesn't need the pointer, but it works only on `T: Sized`.
fn data_offset_sized<T>() -> isize {
    data_offset_align(align_of::<T>())
}

#[inline]
fn data_offset_align(align: usize) -> isize {
    let layout = Layout::new::<ArcInner<()>>();
    (layout.size() + layout.padding_needed_for(align)) as isize
}