auto merge of #9967 : Kimundi/rust/fail_cause_two, r=huonw

# Summary

This PR allows the cause of a failure to be received in a task's future result and as the `Err` case of `task::try`, and also implements dynamic typing in form of an `Any` trait.

# Task failure

- `fail!` and related macros now accept 5 kinds of types: `~str`, `&'static str`, `std::send_str::SendStr`, `~std::any::Any` and `~T` where `T: Any + Send + 'static`
- `std::task::TaskResult` got transformed into an internal enum `std::rt::task::UnwindResult`,  and it's `Failure` variant now contains a value of enum type `UnwindReason`:
  - `UnwindReasonStr(SendStr)` maps to failing with a value of type `~str`, `&'static str` or `SendStr`.
  - `UnwindReasonAny(~Any)` maps to failing with an `~Any` or `~T` with `T: Send + 'static`.
  - `UnwindReasonLinked` maps to failing because the task got killed by linked failure.
- Instead, `std::task::TaskResult` is now a typedef for `Result<(), ~Any>`, and both `TaskBuilder`'s `future_result()` and `task::try` now work with a value of this type.
- `future_result()` no longer returns a `Port<TaskResult>`, instead it returns a wrapper `TaskResultPort` that implements `GenericPort` and `Peekable`, and which lazily allocates a `~` box and casts to `~Any` in case of failure with a `SendStr` or linked failure (for the latter case a unit struct `LinkedFailure` got added.)
- Because `fail!` collapses both `~str` and `&'static str` into a `SendStr`, checking if a task error value is a string will just require a `.is::<SendStr>()` check, with `~str` and `&'static str` only being possible in case of an explicit `fail!(~~"...")` or `fail!(~ (&"...") as ~Any)`:

# Any

- In order to allow failing with arbitrary data, the `Any` trait got implemented.
- It is being used in form of a trait object, usually `~Any` or `&Any`.
- `&Any`, `~Any` and `&mut Any` have a few extension methods implemented on them:
  - `is<T>(self) -> bool` returns true if the `Any` object contains type `T`
  - `as_ref<T>(self) -> Option<&T>` returns a reference to the contained type, if it is `T`
  - `as_mut<T>(self) -> Option<&mut T>` returns a mutable reference to the contained type, if it is `T`
  - `move<T>(self) -> Option<~T>` allows to get the `~T` out of an `~Any` again.
- `Any` currently uses type descriptors as a type id for comparisons, which is 
    - not reliable, as it is not guaranteed that every type has only one type descriptor.
    - But safe, as no two types share the same type descriptor.
- The implementation also a few `transmute`s, mostly to cast a `*Void` of the wrapped type into it's actual type `&T`, `&mut T` or `~T`.

# Other changes

- `std::unstable::UnsafeArc::try_unwrap` no longer uses `Either`, bringing us one step closer to removing that type.
- A few of the touched modules got their import lines sorted.
- A few stylistic cleanups here and there.

Author: bors

Diff for: src/libextra/sync.rs

@@ -918,7 +918,7 @@ mod tests {
         let m = Mutex::new();
         let m2 = m.clone();
 
-        let result: result::Result<(),()> = do task::try {
+        let result: result::Result<(), ~Any> = do task::try {
             do m2.lock {
                 fail!();
             }
@@ -935,7 +935,7 @@ mod tests {
         let m = Mutex::new();
         let m2 = m.clone();
 
-        let result: result::Result<(),()> = do task::try {
+        let result: result::Result<(), ~Any> = do task::try {
             let (p, c) = comm::stream();
             do task::spawn || { // linked
                 let _ = p.recv(); // wait for sibling to get in the mutex
@@ -963,7 +963,7 @@ mod tests {
         let m2 = m.clone();
         let (p, c) = comm::stream();
 
-        let result: result::Result<(),()> = do task::try {
+        let result: result::Result<(), ~Any> = do task::try {
             let mut sibling_convos = ~[];
             do 2.times {
                 let (p, c) = comm::stream();
@@ -1272,7 +1272,7 @@ mod tests {
         let x = RWLock::new();
         let x2 = x.clone();
 
-        let result: result::Result<(),()> = do task::try || {
+        let result: result::Result<(), ~Any> = do task::try || {
             do lock_rwlock_in_mode(&x2, mode1) {
                 fail!();
             }

Diff for: src/libextra/test.rs

@@ -873,8 +873,7 @@ pub fn run_test(force_ignore: bool,
             task.spawn(testfn_cell.take());
 
             let task_result = result_future.recv();
-            let test_result = calc_result(&desc,
-                                          task_result == task::Success);
+            let test_result = calc_result(&desc, task_result.is_ok());
             monitor_ch.send((desc.clone(), test_result));
         }
     }

Diff for: src/librustpkg/tests.rs

@@ -640,9 +640,8 @@ fn test_install_invalid() {
                                   pkgid.clone());
         ctxt.install(pkg_src, &WhatToBuild::new(MaybeCustom, Everything));
     };
-    // Not the best test -- doesn't test that we failed in the right way.
-    // Best we can do for now.
-    assert!(result == Err(()));
+    assert!(result.unwrap_err()
+            .to_str().contains("supplied path for package dir does not exist"));
 }
 
 #[test]