docs: Re-organize documentation for easier navigation and support for references in issues/PRs

[bryantbiggs]

Description

• Re-organize documentation for easier navigation and support for references in issues/PRs
• Update documentation to reduce and clarify what is necessary for users (focus and remove extraneous text)
• Address common questions through added documentation
• Capture and link to shared information by the wider community

Motivation and Context

• Closes Release 18+ Upgrade Guide Breaks Existing Deployments #1744
• Closes With 18.x: Unable to read iam_role_name from the new fargate_profiles sub-module #1777
• Closes Setting cluster_endpoint_public_access_cidrs a value makes the nodegroup not join cluster #1867

Breaking Changes

• No

How Has This Been Tested?

• I have updated at least one of the examples/* to demonstrate and validate my change(s)
• I have tested and validated these changes using one or more of the provided examples/* projects

• I have executed pre-commit run -a on my pull request

[antonbabenko]

This PR is included in version 18.19.0 🎉

[github-actions]

I'm going to lock this pull request because it has been closed for 30 days ⏳. This helps our maintainers find and focus on the active issues. If you have found a problem that seems related to this change, please open a new issue and complete the issue template so we can capture all the details necessary to investigate further.